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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 16, 2026

Hollow Microneedle-based Sensor for Multiplexed Transdermal Electrochemical Sensing
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Smart Multiplex Point-of-Care Platform for Simultaneous Drug Monitoring.

Duygu Beduk1, Tutku Beduk2,3, José Ilton de Oliveira Filho3

  • 1Central Research Test and Analysis Laboratory Application and Research Center, Ege University, 35100 Bornova, Izmir, Turkey.

ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces
|July 27, 2023
PubMed
Summary

A new multiplex laser-scribed graphene sensor platform enables rapid, sensitive, and simultaneous electrochemical detection of illicit drugs like amphetamine, cocaine, and benzodiazepine in saliva. This portable point-of-care device offers a practical alternative for drug abuse monitoring.

Keywords:
amphetaminebenzodiazepinecocaineillicit drugslaser-scribed graphenemultiplex sensingpoint-of-care testing (POC)

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Area of Science:

  • Electrochemistry
  • Materials Science
  • Analytical Chemistry

Background:

  • Illicit drug use is a growing public health and crime concern, with combined stimulant and depressant use leading to overdose deaths.
  • Current on-site drug detection methods often require excess equipment, lengthy processes, and extensive training.
  • There is a critical need for rapid, sensitive, noninvasive, and reliable multiplex drug-detecting platforms.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop a multiplex laser-scribed graphene (LSG) sensing platform for simultaneous electrochemical detection of amphetamine (AMP), cocaine (COC), and benzodiazepine (BZD).
  • To create a complete point-of-care (POC) platform by integrating the LSG sensor with a custom-made potentiostat and smartphone application.
  • To establish a novel, rapid, and sensitive method for detecting multiple illicit drugs in saliva samples.

Main Methods:

  • Fabrication of a multiplex LSG sensing platform with one counter, one reference, and three working electrodes.
  • Optimization of each working electrode for AMP, COC, and BZD detection within a concentration range of 1.0 pg/mL to 500 ng/mL.
  • Integration with a custom-made potentiostat and a smartphone application for data operation, display, and transmission.

Main Results:

  • The developed platform achieved low detection limits: 4.3 ng/mL for AMP, 9.7 ng/mL for BZD, and 9.0 ng/mL for COC.
  • Successful detection of target illicit drugs in real saliva samples from healthy and methamphetamine (MET) patients.
  • Demonstrated the capability for simultaneous detection of multiple illicit drugs in a single, portable device.

Conclusions:

  • This study presents the first multiplex LSG-based electrochemical platform with a custom potentiostat for illicit drug detection as a complete POC system.
  • The developed sensor offers a practical, affordable, and efficient alternative to conventional drug detection methods.
  • The platform's ability to detect multiple illicit drugs simultaneously in saliva highlights its potential for widespread use in drug abuse monitoring and trafficking control.