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Related Concept Videos

Skin Cancer01:30

Skin Cancer

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Skin cancer is a type of cancer that occurs when there is an abnormal growth of skin cells, usually triggered by damage to the DNA within the skin cells. It is primarily caused by exposure to ultraviolet (UV) radiation from the sun or artificial sources like tanning beds. Skin cancer is the most common type of cancer worldwide, and its incidence continues to rise.
Basal Cell Carcinoma (BCC): BCC is the most common type of skin cancer, accounting for about 80% of cases. It typically develops in...
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Pigmentation01:19

Pigmentation

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The color of the skin is influenced by a number of pigments, including melanin, carotene, and hemoglobin. Recall that melanin is produced by cells called melanocytes, which are found scattered throughout the stratum basale of the epidermis. The melanin is transferred to the keratinocytes via melanosomes.
Melanin occurs in two primary forms: eumelanin that provides black and brown pigment and pheomelanin that provides red color. Dark-skinned individuals produce more melanin than those with pale...
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Skin Diseases and Disorders01:23

Skin Diseases and Disorders

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Skin is the first line of defense and encounters a variety of microbes. Some pathogenic strains are often the cause of a broad range of infections of the skin and other body systems. These conditions can affect people of all ages and may have different causes, including genetic factors, infections, autoimmune reactions, environmental factors, and lifestyle choices.
Gram-positive Staphylococcus spp. and Streptococcus spp. are responsible for many of the most common skin infections. However, many...
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Changes in Skin Color: Clinical Perspectives01:14

Changes in Skin Color: Clinical Perspectives

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The first thing a clinician sees is the skin, so the examination of the skin should be part of any thorough physical examination. Most skin disorders are relatively benign, but a few, including melanomas, can be fatal if untreated. A couple of the more noticeable disorders, albinism and vitiligo, affect the appearance of the skin and its accessory organs.
Albinism
Albinism is a genetic disorder that affects (completely or partially) the coloring of skin, hair, and eyes. The defect is primarily...
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Cells of the Epidermis01:24

Cells of the Epidermis

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The epidermis is made of four or five layers of epithelial cells, depending on its location in the body. From deep to superficial, these layers are the stratum basale, stratum spinosum, stratum granulosum, stratum lucidum, and stratum corneum.
The cells in all these layers except the stratum basale are called keratinocytes, a type of cell that manufactures and stores the protein keratin. The keratinocytes in the stratum corneum are dead and regularly slough away, being replaced by cells from...
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Metastasis02:30

Metastasis

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Metastasis is the spread of cancer cells from the original site to distant locations in the body. Cancer cells can spread via blood vessels (hematogenous) as well as lymph vessels in the body.
Epithelial-to-Mesenchymal Transition
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 21, 2025

A 3D Organotypic Melanoma Spheroid Skin Model
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Cutaneous melanoma.

Georgina V Long1, Susan M Swetter2, Alexander M Menzies3

  • 1Melanoma Institute Australia, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Charles Perkins Centre, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Department of Medical Oncology, Royal North Shore Hospital, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Department of Medical Oncology, Mater Hospital, Sydney, NSW, Australia.

Lancet (London, England)
|July 27, 2023
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Cutaneous melanoma, a rising skin cancer, is often linked to UV exposure. Advanced treatments, including immunotherapy, have significantly improved survival rates for melanoma patients.

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Area of Science:

  • Dermatology
  • Oncology

Background:

  • Cutaneous melanoma incidence is increasing, especially in fair-skinned populations.
  • Ultraviolet radiation exposure is a primary risk factor, though some melanoma subtypes are unrelated to UV.
  • Diagnosis relies on clinical and histopathological evaluation of primary tumors, which can be pigmented or amelanotic.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To provide an overview of cutaneous melanoma diagnosis and management.
  • To highlight advancements in systemic therapies for advanced melanoma.
  • To emphasize the importance of multidisciplinary care in complex cases.

Main Methods:

  • Review of clinical and histopathological diagnostic criteria for primary melanoma.
  • Description of treatment modalities including wide excision, immunotherapy, targeted therapy, and radiotherapy.
  • Discussion of systemic drug therapies for advanced and metastatic melanoma.

Main Results:

  • Wide excision is the primary treatment for localized melanoma, with margins based on tumor thickness.
  • Systemic therapies, particularly immune checkpoint inhibitors, have dramatically improved survival in advanced melanoma since 2011.
  • Management of advanced melanoma, especially with brain metastases, requires complex, multidisciplinary approaches.

Conclusions:

  • Early diagnosis and appropriate treatment, including surgery and adjuvant therapies, are crucial for melanoma management.
  • Systemic drug therapies represent a major advancement in treating advanced melanoma, significantly enhancing patient outcomes.
  • Integrated, multidisciplinary care is essential for optimizing the management of complex melanoma cases.