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Related Concept Videos

Pathophysiology of Heart Failure01:17

Pathophysiology of Heart Failure

1.6K
Heart failure (HF) is a progressive syndrome involving ventricles that leads to inadequate cardiac output. It can be classified based on location and output or ejection fraction. Ejection fraction (EF) is an essential measurement in the diagnosis and surveillance of HF. Reduced EF corresponds to systolic heart failure (HFrEF). However, HF with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF) is becoming increasingly prevalent. Also known as diastolic HF, this form of HF is related to aging. The...
1.6K
Heart Failure I: Introduction01:27

Heart Failure I: Introduction

18
Heart failure refers to a clinical syndrome caused by structural or functional cardiac disorders that prevent the heart from pumping an adequate amount of blood to meet the body's metabolic needs. This condition often arises from myocardial infarction or ischemia, leading to decreased cardiac output, reduced tissue perfusion, impaired gas exchange, fluid volume imbalance, and decreased functional ability.Heart failure can result from disruptions in the mechanisms that regulate cardiac output...
18
Heart Failure III: Clinical Manifestations01:26

Heart Failure III: Clinical Manifestations

24
Heart failure (HF) manifests primarily as dyspnea, fatigue, and fluid retention, resulting in peripheral and pulmonary edema. Symptoms may vary depending on which ventricle is more affected, left or right.Left-Sided Heart FailureAlso known as left ventricular failure, this condition results from the left ventricle's inability to fill or eject sufficient blood into the systemic circulation. It leads to pulmonary congestion, which occurs when the left ventricle fails to eject blood effectively...
24
Heart Failure II: Pathophysiology01:29

Heart Failure II: Pathophysiology

16
Systolic Heart Failure and Compensatory MechanismsSystolic heart failure (also termed HFrEF, Heart Failure with Reduced Ejection Fraction) is the most prevalent type of heart filure. It results in a decreased volume of blood being pumped from the ventricle. The aortic arch and carotid sinuses have baroreceptors that detect reduced blood pressure, triggering the sympathetic nervous system (SNS) to release epinephrine and norepinephrine. Initially, this response aims to boost heart rate and...
16
Heart Failure IV: Classification and Diagnostic Evaluation01:30

Heart Failure IV: Classification and Diagnostic Evaluation

20
Heart failure can be classified in various ways, with the most common classifications based on physical activity limitations, disease progression, severity, and treatment strategies.The Functional Classification of Heart Failure divides patients into four categories based on physical activity limitation due to symptom burden.Class I: Patients in this class have cardiac disease but no physical activity limitations. Ordinary activities like walking, climbing stairs, or routine tasks do not cause...
20
Heart Failure Drugs: β-Blockers01:22

Heart Failure Drugs: β-Blockers

364
β-adrenergic antagonists, commonly known as β-blockers, block the effects of sympathetic neurotransmitters such as noradrenaline (NA) and adrenaline (ADR). They have several beneficial effects in heart failure treatment. They reduce heart rate, the force of contraction, and cardiac muscle relaxation. They also slow the atrial-ventricular conduction rate and raise the threshold for arrhythmias. The concentration of β-blockers determines their effects on bronchodilation,...
364

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 21, 2025

Post-Myocardial Infarction Heart Failure in Closed-chest Coronary Occlusion/Reperfusion Model in Göttingen Minipigs and Landrace Pigs
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Post-Myocardial Infarction Heart Failure in Closed-chest Coronary Occlusion/Reperfusion Model in Göttingen Minipigs and Landrace Pigs

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Sex Differences in Heart Failure: What Do We Know?

Allegra Arata1, Fabrizio Ricci1,2,3, Mohammed Y Khanji2

  • 1Department of Neuroscience, Imaging and Clinical Sciences, "G. d'Annunzio" University of Chieti-Pescara, 66100 Chieti, Italy.

Journal of Cardiovascular Development and Disease
|July 28, 2023
PubMed
Summary

Men and women experience heart failure (HF) differently, with distinct subtypes and risk factors. This review highlights sex-based disparities in HF, emphasizing the need for tailored management strategies for improved patient outcomes.

Keywords:
gender medicineguidelinesheart failuremenopausepregnancysextreatment

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Area of Science:

  • Cardiology
  • Sex-Based Medicine
  • Public Health

Background:

  • Heart failure (HF) is a major global health concern with significant morbidity and mortality.
  • While lifetime risks are similar, men and women exhibit distinct HF subtype prevalence (reduced vs. preserved ejection fraction).
  • Existing sex-based disparities in HF risk factors, presentation, pathophysiology, and treatment response are not fully understood.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To comprehensively review and analyze sex-specific differences in heart failure.
  • To critically examine definitions, risk factors, and therapeutic strategies for HF, with a focus on women's unique health aspects.
  • To clarify knowledge gaps and controversies in HF pharmacological treatment and device indications based on sex.

Main Methods:

  • Systematic literature review and critical analysis of existing research on sex differences in heart failure.
  • Examination of epidemiological data, clinical trial outcomes, and pathophysiological mechanisms.
  • Focus on specific female-related factors like pregnancy-induced hypertension and premature menopause.

Main Results:

  • Significant sex-based disparities exist across HF risk factors, clinical presentation, pathophysiology, and treatment efficacy.
  • Women face unique challenges, including risks associated with pregnancy-induced hypertension and early menopause.
  • Current HF guidelines inadequately address sex-specific management recommendations.

Conclusions:

  • A deeper understanding of sex-specific HF is crucial for developing effective, personalized treatment approaches.
  • Addressing knowledge gaps in pharmacological treatments and device therapies is essential for equitable HF care.
  • Promoting sex-responsive strategies in HF management is vital to improve patient outcomes globally.