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Related Concept Videos

Phagocytosis of Apoptotic Cells01:17

Phagocytosis of Apoptotic Cells

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Cells undergoing apoptosis form apoptotic bodies that must be removed immediately to prevent inflammation, autoimmune diseases, and necrosis. Phagocytosis is carried out by professional phagocytes such as macrophages or  immature dendritic cells. Non-professional phagocytes such as  epithelial cells and fibroblasts also take part in this process; however, they are not as effective as professional phagocytes. 
Normal cells contain receptors that prevent them from being recognized...
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Inflammatory Response01:28

Inflammatory Response

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An inflammatory response is a localized, nonspecific immune reaction that occurs when a tissue is injured. It is characterized by redness, swelling, heat, and pain, which are commonly called the cardinal signs and symptoms of inflammation. Inflammation can sometimes result in a loss of function.
Inflammation can be triggered by various stimuli, such as impact, abrasion, chemical irritation, infections, and extreme hot or cold temperatures. These can damage cells and connective tissue fibers,...
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The Extrinsic Apoptotic Pathway01:17

The Extrinsic Apoptotic Pathway

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The extrinsic apoptotic pathway is initiated when extracellular death-inducing signals, such as specific cytokines, activate the death receptors expressed on the cell surface. The immune cells involved in this pathway are natural killer cells (NK cells) and cytotoxic T-lymphocytes. NK cells are critical in innate immune response, while cytotoxic T-lymphocytes are associated with adaptive immune response. These cells recognize specific receptors expressed on the altered cells and activate...
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T Cell Types and Functions01:24

T Cell Types and Functions

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When T cells with CD4 markers are activated, they give rise to two types of effector cells: helper T cells and regulatory T cells. Meanwhile, T cells with CD8 markers differentiate into effector cytotoxic T cells. The differentiation of CD4 T cells into helper T cell subsets, such as Th1, Th2, and Th17 cells, is dependent on the antigen type, antigen-presenting cell, and regulatory cytokines.
Th1 cells stimulate dendritic cells to express necessary co-stimulatory molecules on their surfaces for...
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Inflammatory Response I: Vascular and Cellular01:30

Inflammatory Response I: Vascular and Cellular

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The inflammatory response is the body's defense against infection, injury, or irritation from bacteria, trauma, toxins, or heat. Inflammation helps locate and destroy pathogens and remove damaged tissue elements to heal the body. During this initial phase, fluid, blood products, and nutrients migrate to the injured area, resulting in redness, heat, swelling, ache, and loss of function. Moreover, signs of systemic inflammation include fever, increased WBC count, malaise, anorexia, nausea,...
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Inflammation01:38

Inflammation

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Experimental Analysis of Apoptotic Thymocyte Engulfment by Macrophages
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Apoptotic cell clearance components in inflammatory arthritis.

Kevin Schneider1, Sanja Arandjelovic1

  • 1Department of Medicine, Center for Immunity, Inflammation and Regenerative Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA.

Immunological Reviews
|July 28, 2023
PubMed
Summary

Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) involves joint inflammation and bone erosion. Enhancing efferocytosis, the clearance of dead cells, may offer new therapeutic strategies for managing this autoimmune disease.

Keywords:
cell clearanceefferocytosisengulfmentphagocytosisrheumatoid arthritis

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Area of Science:

  • Immunology
  • Pathology
  • Rheumatology

Background:

  • Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic autoimmune disease affecting synovial joints, characterized by inflammation, immune dysregulation, and joint destruction.
  • Therapeutic strategies targeting cell death, particularly apoptosis, have shown promise in RA models due to similarities with cancer cell transformation.
  • Apoptotic cell clearance via efferocytosis, an anti-inflammatory process, is crucial for immune homeostasis, and its dysfunction is implicated in autoimmune diseases.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the roles of efferocytosis machinery components in rheumatoid arthritis (RA) models.
  • To explore the potential involvement of efferocytosis in RA pathophysiology.
  • To highlight understudied aspects of efferocytosis signaling and mediators in RA.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review focusing on studies of efferocytosis in animal models of RA.
  • Analysis of the known functions of canonical efferocytosis machinery in immune regulation and disease.
  • Discussion of the non-canonical roles of these components in homeostasis and pathology.

Main Results:

  • Failures in efferocytosis are linked to the development of autoimmune diseases like RA.
  • Administration of apoptotic cells in RA models demonstrates anti-inflammatory effects, likely mediated by efferocytosis.
  • The precise signaling pathways and molecular mediators of efferocytosis in RA remain incompletely understood.

Conclusions:

  • Efferocytosis machinery components play significant roles in RA pathogenesis and resolution.
  • Further research into efferocytosis signaling and mediators is crucial for developing novel RA therapies.
  • Targeting efferocytosis pathways represents a promising therapeutic avenue for rheumatoid arthritis.