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Exploring the Immunomodulatory Properties of Stem Cells in Combating COVID-19: Can We Expect More?
1Hellenic Cord Blood Bank, Biomedical Research Foundation Academy of Athens, 4 Soranou Ephessiou Street, 115 27 Athens, Greece.
Abstract:
Since the first appearance of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) in December 2019, the disease has displayed a remarkable interindividual variability in the global population, resulting in different mortality and morbidity rates. Still, an effective cure against SARS-CoV-2 has not been developed, and therefore, alternative therapeutic protocols must also be evaluated. Considering that stem cells, especially Mesenchymal Stromal Cells (MSCs), are characterized by both regenerative and immunomodulatory properties and that their safety and tolerability have been investigated previously, these cells could potentially be applied against coronavirus disease 19 (COVID-19). In addition, an individual's genetic background is further related to disease pathogenesis, especially rare Inborn Errors of Immunity (IEIs), autoantibodies against Interferon type I, and the presence of different Human Leukocyte Antigens (HLA) alleles, which are actively associated with protection or susceptibility in relation to SARS-CoV-2. Herein, the use of MSCs as a potential stem cell therapy will require a deep understanding of their immunomodulatory properties associated with their HLA alleles. In such a way, HLA-restricted MSC lines can be developed and applied precisely, offering more solutions to clinicians in attenuating the mortality of SARS-CoV-2.
Insights
Mesenchymal Stromal Cells (MSCs) show promise for treating COVID-19 due to their regenerative and immunomodulatory effects. Tailoring MSC therapy based on Human Leukocyte Antigen (HLA) profiles could improve outcomes for SARS-CoV-2 patients.
Area of Science:
- Immunology
- Regenerative Medicine
- Virology
Background:
- Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) causes variable disease severity globally.
- No definitive cure for COVID-19 exists, necessitating exploration of alternative therapies.
- Mesenchymal Stromal Cells (MSCs) possess regenerative and immunomodulatory properties, with established safety profiles.
Discussion:
- Individual genetic factors, including Inborn Errors of Immunity (IEIs), autoantibodies, and Human Leukocyte Antigen (HLA) alleles, influence SARS-CoV-2 susceptibility and pathogenesis.
- Understanding the immunomodulatory mechanisms of MSCs in relation to specific HLA alleles is crucial for therapeutic application.
- The variability in COVID-19 outcomes highlights the need for personalized treatment strategies.
Key Insights:
- MSCs offer a potential therapeutic avenue for COVID-19 by modulating the immune response and promoting tissue repair.
- Genetic factors, particularly HLA type, play a significant role in an individual's response to SARS-CoV-2 infection.
- Matching MSCs to patient HLA profiles could enhance therapeutic efficacy and safety.
Outlook:
- Development of HLA-restricted MSC lines for precise and effective COVID-19 treatment.
- Further research into the interaction between MSC immunomodulation and host genetics in SARS-CoV-2 infection.
- Potential for MSC-based therapies to reduce mortality and morbidity associated with COVID-19.
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