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Related Concept Videos

Overview of Transposition and Recombination02:13

Overview of Transposition and Recombination

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Transposons make up a significant part of genomes of various organisms. Therefore, it is believed that transposition played a major evolutionary role in speciation by changing genome sizes and modifying gene expression patterns. For example, in bacteria, transposition can lead to conferring antibiotic resistance. Movement of transposable elements within the genetic pool of pathogenic bacteria can aid in transfer of antibiotic-resistant genetic elements. In eukaryotes, transposons can carry out...
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Non-LTR Retrotransposons03:18

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As the name suggests, non-LTR retrotransposons lack the long terminal repeats characteristic of the LTR retrotransposons. Additionally, both LTR and non-LTR retrotransposons use distinct mechanisms of mobilization. Non-LTR retrotransposons are further divided into two classes - Long interspersed nuclear elements (LINEs) and short interspersed nuclear elements (SINEs), both of which occur abundantly in most mammals, including humans. Some of the active non-LTR retrotransposons in humans are L1...
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LTR Retrotransposons03:08

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LTR retrotransposons are class I transposable elements with long terminal repeats flanking an internal coding region. These elements are less abundant in mammals compared to other class I transposable elements. About 8 percent of human genomic DNA comprises LTR retrotransposons. Some of the common examples of LTR retrotransposons are Ty elements in yeast and Copia elements in Drosophila.
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DNA-only Transposons02:57

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DNA-only transposons are called autonomous transposons since they code for the enzyme transposase that is required for the transposition mechanism. Insertion of transposons can alter gene functions in multiple ways. They can mutate the gene, alter gene expression by introducing a novel promoter or insulator sequence, introduce new splice sites, and change the mRNA transcripts produced, or remodel chromatin structure.
The donor site from where the transposon is excised is either degraded or...
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piRNA - Piwi-interacting RNAs02:57

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PIWI-interacting RNAs, or piRNAs, are the most abundant short non-coding RNAs. More than 20,000 genes have been found in humans that code for piRNAs while only 2000 genes have been found for miRNAs. piRNAs can act at the transcriptional and post-transcriptional levels and have a vital role in silencing transposable elements present in germ cells. They are also involved in epigenetic silencing and activation. Previously, they were thought to function only in germ cells but new evidence suggests...
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Transposons01:24

Transposons

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Transposons, or "jumping genes," are small mobile genetic elements (MGEs) that range from 700 to 40,000 base pairs in length. They are found in all organisms and can move within the same chromosome or transfer to different chromosomes. In some cases, transposons can also jump between different host DNA molecules, such as plasmids or viruses, contributing to genetic variability.Barbara McClintock first discovered these mobile genetic elements in the 1940s while studying maize genetics, and she...
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Methods to Classify Cytoplasmic Foci as Mammalian Stress Granules
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Ribonucleoprotein Granules: Between Stress and Transposable Elements.

Sungjin Moon1, Sim Namkoong2

  • 1Department of Biological Sciences, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Republic of Korea.

Biomolecules
|July 29, 2023
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Summary

Transposable elements (TEs) are suppressed by stress-induced ribonucleoprotein (RNP) granules. These granules offer a novel regulatory mechanism for TEs, aiding genomic stability and gene expression control.

Keywords:
P-bodyRNP granulespost-transcriptional regulationretrotransposonstress granuletransposable element

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Area of Science:

  • Molecular Biology
  • Genetics
  • Cell Biology

Background:

  • Transposable elements (TEs) are mobile DNA sequences that can alter the genome, impacting host biology.
  • Organisms possess molecular mechanisms to suppress TEs at transcriptional and post-transcriptional levels.
  • Genomic stability and gene expression are influenced by the regulation of TEs.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the interplay between transposable elements (TEs) and ribonucleoprotein (RNP) granules.
  • To propose RNP granules as a novel regulatory mechanism for TEs, particularly under stress conditions.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of recent studies on TEs and RNP granules.
  • Analysis of the role of stress granules (SGs) and processing bodies (P-bodies) in TE regulation.
  • Examination of RNA regulatory factors within RNP granules and their potential impact on TEs.

Main Results:

  • Stress-induced formation of RNP granules (SGs and P-bodies) can sequester TEs, inhibiting their transposition.
  • RNP granules contain RNA-binding proteins, noncoding RNAs, and mRNA decay enzymes involved in RNA regulation.
  • These components within RNP granules may contribute to the control of TE activity.

Conclusions:

  • RNP granules represent an emerging layer of regulation for transposable elements (TEs).
  • Understanding the TE-RNP granule interaction is vital for comprehending genomic stability and gene expression control.
  • RNP granules offer a novel perspective on host defense against potentially disruptive TEs, especially during cellular stress.