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Related Concept Videos

Synthesis and Regulation of Thyroid Hormones01:20

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Low blood levels of the thyroid hormones — triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4) — signal the hypothalamus to release the thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH). TRH then reaches the pituitary gland and stimulates the release of thyroid-stimulating hormone(TSH) into the bloodstream.
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The thyroid gland is a small, butterfly-shaped gland located in the neck and covers the anterior surface of the trachea. The gland has two lateral lobes connected by a thin tissue mass called the isthmus. Internally, each lobe comprises many small spherical structures known as thyroid follicles, surrounded by a network of blood vessels.
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The thyroid hormone (TH) plays a pivotal role in the intricate orchestration of physiological processes, exerting profound effects on development, metabolism, and homeostasis throughout different life stages.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 21, 2025

Author Spotlight: Integrating Ultrasound Imaging with Biochemical Markers for Thyroid Disease Diagnosis
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Update on Molecular Diagnostics in Thyroid Pathology: A Review.

Bayan Alzumaili1, Peter M Sadow1

  • 1Departments of Pathology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA.

Genes
|July 29, 2023
PubMed
Summary

Molecular testing aids in diagnosing thyroid nodules, especially indeterminate cases. It refines thyroid cancer management by integrating genetic insights with histopathology for personalized patient care.

Keywords:
BRAFRASmolecular diagnosticsthyroidthyroid cancerthyroid carcinoma

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Area of Science:

  • Endocrinology
  • Oncology
  • Genetics

Background:

  • Thyroid nodules are common, with indeterminate fine needle aspiration biopsy results in up to 30% of cases.
  • Molecular testing has become crucial for thyroid cancer diagnosis and prognosis.
  • The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) has advanced understanding of papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC) genetics.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the evolution of integrated molecular testing in thyroid nodules.
  • To highlight how tumor genetics and histopathology drive next-generation patient management.
  • To discuss the role of molecular testing in managing advanced or recurrent thyroid disease.

Main Methods:

  • Review of advancements in molecular testing platforms for thyroid carcinomas.
  • Analysis of integrated molecular and histopathological data.
  • Focus on diagnostic and prognostic applications of molecular profiling.

Main Results:

  • Molecular platforms increasingly cover genetic variants of thyroid carcinomas.
  • Comprehensive molecular reports aid physician decision-making and patient communication.
  • Molecular testing is essential for therapeutic planning in advanced or recurrent disease.

Conclusions:

  • Integrated molecular testing, combined with histopathology, is revolutionizing thyroid nodule management.
  • Understanding tumor genetics enables rational, personalized patient care.
  • Emerging small, targetable therapeutics are informed by molecular profiling.