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Synthesis and Regulation of Thyroid Hormones01:20

Synthesis and Regulation of Thyroid Hormones

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Low blood levels of the thyroid hormones — triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4) — signal the hypothalamus to release the thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH). TRH then reaches the pituitary gland and stimulates the release of thyroid-stimulating hormone(TSH) into the bloodstream.
Upon reaching the thyroid gland, TSH stimulates the follicular cells' active uptake of iodide ions from the blood. The ions diffuse to the apical surface of the cells and are oxidized to iodine. The...
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Functions of Thyroid Hormones01:18

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The thyroid hormone (TH) plays a pivotal role in the intricate orchestration of physiological processes, exerting profound effects on development, metabolism, and homeostasis throughout different life stages.
TH is indispensable for the normal development and maturation of the skeletal, muscular, and nervous systems during fetal and childhood growth. It facilitates bone mineral turnover and regulates protein synthesis in developing tissues, contributing significantly to overall growth and...
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The Thyroid Gland01:23

The Thyroid Gland

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The thyroid gland is a small, butterfly-shaped gland located in the neck and covers the anterior surface of the trachea. The gland has two lateral lobes connected by a thin tissue mass called the isthmus. Internally, each lobe comprises many small spherical structures known as thyroid follicles, surrounded by a network of blood vessels.
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The Parathyroid Glands00:59

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The two pairs of parathyroid glands embedded within the posterior surface of the thyroid gland are restricted by a dense capsule around them. These glands comprise two distinct cell populations—parathyroid oxyphil and parathyroid principal cells- pivotal in calcium homeostasis.
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Hormones of the Pituitary Gland01:27

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The small, pea-sized pituitary gland is located at the base of the brain. It is crucial in regulating various bodily functions, from growth to reproduction. The gland is divided into the anterior lobe and the posterior lobe. The secretory cell clusters in the pars distalis of the anterior pituitary lobe are controlled by hypothalamic regulators and synthesize six primary hormones.
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Regulation of Hormone Secretion01:19

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Regulation of hormone secretion is a finely tuned orchestration driven by various types of stimuli, encompassing neural, humoral, and hormonal signals. Environmental cues instigate neural stimuli, where action potentials traverse nerve fibers to reach their designated targets. An illustrative scenario is the body's response to stress, wherein the sympathetic nervous system releases epinephrine from the adrenal glands, inducing the well-known 'fight or flight' reaction.
Humoral...
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Pars Distalis and Pars Tuberalis Thyroid-Stimulating Hormones and Their Roles in Macro-Thyroid-Stimulating Hormone

Eleonore Fröhlich1, Richard Wahl2

  • 1Center for Medical Research, Medical University of Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria.

International Journal of Molecular Sciences
|July 29, 2023
PubMed
Summary

Macro-thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) is a complex that can cause falsely high TSH levels. Identifying macro-TSH is crucial to prevent misdiagnosis and unnecessary treatment for thyroid disorders.

Keywords:
circadian changesimmunoassaymacro-hormonespars distalis TSHpars tuberalis TSHseasonal changesthyroid-stimulating hormoneultradian changes

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Area of Science:

  • Endocrinology
  • Biochemistry
  • Immunology

Background:

  • Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) is a key diagnostic marker for thyroid function.
  • Immunoassays for TSH can be affected by interfering substances, leading to inaccurate results.
  • Macro-TSH, a complex of TSH with other proteins, can cause falsely elevated TSH concentrations.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the physiological role of pituitary pars tuberalis TSH (PT-TSH).
  • To explore the formation and structure of macro-TSH.
  • To discuss the clinical implications of macro-TSH detection.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of physiological functions, molecular structures, and clinical reports.
  • Analysis of TSH measurement interferences.
  • Discussion of PT-TSH glycosylation and its role in macro-TSH formation.

Main Results:

  • Variable glycosylation of PT-TSH is hypothesized to be a primary component of macro-TSH.
  • Macro-TSH formation can lead to macro-hyperthyrotropinemia, mimicking true hyperthyroidism.
  • PT-TSH plays a role in central thyroid metabolism regulation, particularly in seasonal breeders.

Conclusions:

  • Accurate identification of macro-TSH is essential to prevent misdiagnosis of hyperthyroidism.
  • Understanding macro-TSH formation aids in interpreting abnormal TSH results.
  • Further research into PT-TSH function may reveal new insights into thyroid regulation.