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Related Concept Videos

Mitral Stenosis I: Introduction01:22

Mitral Stenosis I: Introduction

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Mitral Valve Stenosis (MVS) is a heart condition where the mitral valve narrows, impeding blood circulation from the left atrium to the left ventricle. The etiology and pathophysiology of this condition are multifaceted, leading to a cascade of cardiovascular complications.Causes of Mitral Valve StenosisRheumatic Heart Disease: It is the main cause of mitral valve stenosis, particularly in developing nations. This condition arises from rheumatic fever, an inflammatory illness resulting from...
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Mitral Stenosis II: Clinical features and Diagnostic Tests01:23

Mitral Stenosis II: Clinical features and Diagnostic Tests

23
Mitral stenosis is a heart condition in which the mitral valve, which allows blood to flow from the left atrium to the left ventricle, becomes narrowed or stenotic. This narrowing hinders blood flow and leads to clinical symptoms requiring specific medical evaluations and management strategies. The following overview outlines the clinical symptoms, assessments, diagnostic findings, prevention methods, and treatments for mitral stenosis.Clinical ManifestationsDyspnea (shortness of breath): This...
23
Mitral Valve Prolapse II: Assessment and Management01:22

Mitral Valve Prolapse II: Assessment and Management

22
IntroductionA range of clinical features characterizes Mitral Valve Prolapse (MVP), but it is important to note that many individuals with MVP are asymptomatic and may remain so throughout their lives. For those who do exhibit symptoms, the following are the key clinical features:Palpitations: This is a common symptom where individuals feel an irregular or rapid heartbeat. Palpitations in MVP are often due to arrhythmias such as premature ventricular contractions or supraventricular...
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Mitral Valve Prolapse I: Introduction01:27

Mitral Valve Prolapse I: Introduction

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IntroductionThe mitral valve, one of the heart's four valves, regulates blood flow. These valves have flaps that open and close to direct blood properly through the heart and body. During each heartbeat, the flaps open for blood to pass through and seal shut to prevent backflow. Specifically, the mitral valve opens to allow blood flow from the heart's upper left chamber to the lower left chamber. It then closes securely as the lower left chamber contracts to pump blood to the body, preventing...
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Mitral Regurgitation II: Clinical Features and Diagnostic Tests01:23

Mitral Regurgitation II: Clinical Features and Diagnostic Tests

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Mitral regurgitation (MR) is a valvular heart disorder in which the mitral valve fails to close tightly, allowing blood to leak backward into the heart. Understanding the clinical manifestations, assessment, diagnostic findings, and medical management of MR is crucial to effectively managing affected patients.Clinical Manifestations of Mitral RegurgitationMitral regurgitation can be acute or chronic, each presenting differently and requiring different approaches:1. Acute Mitral...
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Mitral Stenosis III: Medical Management01:26

Mitral Stenosis III: Medical Management

13
Mitral stenosis, a condition marked by the narrowing of the mitral valve, necessitates an integrated approach for effective management. This approach includes preventative measures, medical therapy, and surgical interventions to reduce symptoms and prevent complications.PreventionPrevention of mitral stenosis primarily focuses on reducing the incidence of bacterial infections, particularly streptococcal infections, which can lead to rheumatic fever and subsequent valvular damage. Timely...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 21, 2025

Identifying Coronary Artery Calcification on Non-gated Computed Tomography Scans
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Mitral Annular Calcification and Thromboembolic Risk.

Paula Cristina Morariu1,2, Daniela Maria Tanase1,2, Diana Elena Iov1,2

  • 1Department of Internal Medicine, University of Medicine and Pharmacy "Grigore T. Popa", 16 University Street, 700115 Iasi, Romania.

Life (Basel, Switzerland)
|July 29, 2023
PubMed
Summary

Mitral annular calcification (MAC) is linked to higher thromboembolic (TE) risk in atrial fibrillation (AF) patients. Adding MAC to risk scores may improve predictions for vascular disease.

Keywords:
CHA2-DS2-VASc scoreatherosclerosismitral annulus calcificationstrokethromboembolic risk

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Area of Science:

  • Cardiology
  • Vascular Medicine

Background:

  • Current thromboembolic (TE) risk scores for atrial fibrillation (AF) do not incorporate mitral annular calcification (MAC).
  • MAC may serve as an indicator of underlying vascular disease, potentially impacting TE risk assessment.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the correlation between MAC and established TE risk scores (CHADS 2 and CHA 2 DS 2 -VASc).
  • To compare clinical and echocardiographic data in patients with and without MAC.
  • To determine if MAC is an independent risk factor for vascular disease.

Main Methods:

  • Prospective study including 103 patients with and without AF.
  • Assessment of MAC presence through echocardiography.
  • Calculation of CHADS 2 and CHA 2 DS 2 -VASc scores.
  • Analysis of clinical data including hypertension, diabetes, heart failure, and stroke history.

Main Results:

  • MAC was identified in 50.5% of patients.
  • Patients with MAC had significantly higher CHADS 2 (2.88 vs 2.24, p=0.005) and CHA 2 DS 2 -VASc (5.21 vs 3.92, p<0.001) scores.
  • Left ventricular ejection fraction negatively correlated with MAC presence (r=-0.254, p=0.01).
  • MAC was a significant risk factor for vascular disease (OR=2.47, p<0.001).

Conclusions:

  • Mitral annular calcification is associated with increased thromboembolic risk scores in AF patients.
  • The presence of MAC independently predicts a higher risk of vascular disease.
  • Incorporating MAC into TE risk stratification could enhance predictive accuracy for vascular events.