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Focusing of Light in the Eye

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Light rays enter the eye through the cornea, a transparent dome-shaped tissue that is the eye's outermost layer. The cornea bends or refracts, light rays traveling to the pupil. The shape of the cornea determines how much of the light is bent and whether the image will be focused correctly on the retina at the back of the eye. Once the light has passed through both refraction layers, it converges into a single focal point onto a small area. This is where photoreceptors start transforming...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 20, 2025

Shaping the Amplitude and Phase of Laser Beams by Using a Phase-only Spatial Light Modulator

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Published on: January 28, 2019

Enhancing Focusing and Defocusing Capabilities with a Dynamically Reconfigurable Metalens Utilizing Sb₂Se₃

Chen Shen¹, Jiachi Ye², Nicola Peserico^2,3

¹Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, George Washington University, Washington, DC 20052, USA.

Nanomaterials (Basel, Switzerland)

|July 29, 2023

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

This study introduces a novel phase-change material (PCM) metalens using Sb2Se3 for dynamic focusing. The device achieves rapid, reversible tuning for telecommunication applications with a high contrast ratio.

Keywords:

ITO Sb2Se3 metalens microfabrication phase-change material reconfigurable optics

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Last Updated: Jul 20, 2025

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Published on: September 25, 2020

Area of Science:

Optics and Photonics
Materials Science
Nanotechnology

Background:

Metalenses offer advantages over traditional optical components like digital micromirror devices (DMDs), including compactness and flexibility.
Phase-change materials (PCMs) are being explored for dynamic optical functionalities.

Purpose of the Study:

To demonstrate a dynamic metalens utilizing the phase-change material Sb2Se3 for rapid focusing and defocusing.
To integrate a microheater for controlled state switching of the PCM within the metalens.

Main Methods:

Microfabrication of a metalens incorporating Sb2Se3 and an Indium Tin Oxide (ITO) microheater.
Characterization of the metalens's focusing and defocusing capabilities at the 1550 nm telecom spectrum.
Evaluation of tuning speed and contrast ratio by switching the Sb2Se3 state between amorphous and crystalline forms.

Main Results:

The fabricated metalens demonstrated rapid tuning at the 0.1 MHz level for focusing and defocusing.
The device operates effectively within the C-band communication spectrum.
A high contrast ratio of 28.7 dB was achieved during state switching.

Conclusions:

Sb2Se3 is a viable PCM for creating dynamic metalenses with fast, reversible, non-volatile operation.
The developed metalens represents a significant advancement towards integration with beamforming applications.
The metalens shows potential for next-generation telecommunication and optical systems.