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A calibration curve is a plot of the instrument's response against a series of known concentrations of a substance. This curve is used to set the instrument response levels, using the substance and its concentrations as standards. Alternatively, or additionally, an equation is fitted to the calibration curve plot and subsequently used to calculate the unknown concentrations of other samples reliably.
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Updated: Jul 20, 2025

O-cresol Concentration Online Measurement Based On Near Infrared Spectroscopy Via Partial Least Square Regression

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Concentration Retrieval in a Calibration-Free Wavelength Modulation Spectroscopy System Using Particle Swarm

Tingting Zhang¹, Yongjie Sun², Pengpeng Wang¹

¹School of Physics Science and Information Technology, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng 252000, China.

Sensors (Basel, Switzerland)

|July 29, 2023

Summary

A new particle swarm optimization (PSO) technique significantly accelerates concentration retrieval in wavelength modulation spectroscopy. This method offers faster, calibration-free detection of gases like C2H2 compared to traditional algorithms.

Keywords:

calibration-free particle swarm optimization algorithm spectral fitting wavelength modulated spectroscopy

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Area of Science:

Analytical Chemistry
Spectroscopy
Computational Chemistry

Background:

Wavelength modulation spectroscopy (WMS) is a sensitive gas detection technique.
Traditional WMS concentration retrieval often relies on pre-characterized laser parameters, limiting its applicability.
Calibration-free methods are desirable for practical WMS systems.

Purpose of the Study:

To develop and evaluate a novel, calibration-free concentration retrieval technique for WMS using particle swarm optimization (PSO).
To compare the performance of the PSO-based technique against the conventional Levenberg-Marquardt (LM) algorithm.

Main Methods:

Implementation of a concentration retrieval algorithm based on the particle swarm optimization (PSO) algorithm.
Analysis and optimization of key parameters influencing the PSO technique's performance.
Comparative performance evaluation with the Levenberg-Marquardt (LM) algorithm for C2H2 concentration detection.

Main Results:

The PSO-based technique demonstrates reduced dependence on pre-characterization of laser tuning parameters.
Optimal parameter values for the PSO method were identified through systematic testing.
The PSO technique achieved comparable accuracy to the LM algorithm but was approximately 63 times faster.
Results consistent with expected values were obtained within 5 seconds using the PSO method.

Conclusions:

The PSO-based concentration retrieval technique offers a significant speed advantage for calibration-free WMS.
This advanced method enhances the efficiency and practicality of WMS for gas concentration measurements.
The PSO approach provides a robust alternative to traditional methods, particularly when pre-characterization is challenging.