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Related Concept Videos

Cold Weather Concreting01:27

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When freshly poured concrete is exposed to freezing temperatures before it has set, the water within the concrete can freeze. This expansion disrupts the setting process, delays chemical reactions necessary for hardening, and increases the volume of pores within the hardened concrete, which weakens its overall structure. If the concrete manages to reach an appreciable strength before it freezes, the damage can be somewhat mitigated.
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A decreased body temperature can occur in patients with hypothermia and frostbite. Heat loss with extended cold exposure overpowers the body's ability to create heat, resulting in hypothermia. Core temperature readings help classify hypothermia. Mild hypothermia is temperatures between 32 °C (89.6 °F) and 35°C (95 °F) and is caused by impaired thermoregulation. Moderate hypothermia is temperatures between 28 C (82.4 °F) and 32 °C (89.6 °F) caused by...
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In cold weather, masonry construction requires specific precautions to ensure mortar does not freeze before curing, as this can significantly weaken its strength and watertightness. Mortar temperature should be maintained between 60°F and 80°F to support proper hydration and curing. Below 40°F, mortar water must be heated, but should not exceed 120°F as high temperatures can reduce mortar's compressive and bond strength.
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Concreting at elevated temperatures accelerates the hydration process, leading to quicker setting but potentially reducing the long-term strength of the concrete structure. Additionally, low air humidity fosters rapid moisture loss from the concrete, resulting in reduced workability, pronounced plastic shrinkage, and a higher likelihood of crazing.
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Field-Based Thermal Physiology Assay: Cold Shock Recovery under Ambient Conditions
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Cold housing environments: defining the problem for an appropriate policy response.

Cynthia Faye Barlow1, Lyrian Daniel2, Rebecca Bentley3

  • 1The Australian Centre for Housing Research, Faculty of Arts, Business, Law and Economics, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, 5005, Australia. cynthia.barlow@adelaide.edu.au.

Journal of Public Health Policy
|July 29, 2023
PubMed
Summary

Standardizing how we measure cold housing is crucial for public health. This review proposes a unified definition to better understand risks and inform effective housing policies.

Keywords:
Building conditionsCold temperatureEconomic policyHousingPublic health

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Area of Science:

  • Interdisciplinary research
  • Public health
  • Environmental science
  • Social science
  • Architecture
  • Engineering

Background:

  • Cold housing environments are receiving increased attention across multiple disciplines.
  • Disparate definitions and measurement methods for cold housing hinder evidence synthesis and policy development.
  • Lack of standardization complicates understanding prevalence and identifying at-risk populations.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To systematically review and document the diverse measures used to define and assess cold housing environments.
  • To examine the benefits and limitations of various measurement approaches.
  • To propose a unified conceptualization of cold housing for improved research and policy.

Main Methods:

  • Systematic, cross-disciplinary literature review.
  • Documentation of measures used across public health, environmental and social sciences, architecture, and engineering.
  • Analysis of the benefits and limitations of each measurement approach.

Main Results:

  • Significant variation exists in how cold housing is defined and measured across disciplines.
  • A proposed conceptualization defines cold housing as temperatures too low for optimal inhabitant health and wellbeing.
  • Measurement can utilize economic, objective, or subjective approaches, individually or in combination.

Conclusions:

  • A standardized approach to defining and measuring cold housing is essential for accurate prevalence assessment and risk identification.
  • Improved data on home temperatures and contributing factors will enable targeted policy responses.
  • Policies focusing on building standards and energy subsidies can effectively improve housing temperature conditions and reduce adverse health outcomes.