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Related Concept Videos

Ferrocement01:30

Ferrocement

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Ferro-cement is a distinctive construction material that represents an innovative variant of reinforced concrete, characterized by its unique composition and the method by which it is formed. Unlike standard reinforced concrete, which relies on larger steel bars for reinforcement, ferro-cement utilizes densely packed layers of mesh or fine rods, fully encased in cement mortar. This composition allows for the creation of structures that are significantly thinner and more flexible than their...
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Additives and Fillers in Concrete01:29

Additives and Fillers in Concrete

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Additives and fillers are integral to enhancing the properties of concrete. Pozzolans and blast-furnace slag are additives or admixtures due to their reactions with calcium hydroxide released during cement hydration. Fillers, which are finely ground and similar in fineness to Portland cement, improve concrete attributes such as workability density, and reduce capillary bleeding or cracking. Some fillers possess hydraulic properties or participate in benign reactions within the cement paste.
The...
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Effect of Sea Water on Concrete01:22

Effect of Sea Water on Concrete

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Concrete exposed to seawater can undergo degradation like the dissolution of ettringite and gypsum, increasing the material's porosity and decreasing its strength. In contrast, the crystallization of salts within the concrete's pores can cause expansion, particularly above the waterline where evaporation occurs. Nonetheless, this expansion only happens when seawater, enabled by the concrete's permeability, manages to infiltrate the structure.
Concrete in areas between tide marks,...
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Corrosion of Reinforcement01:27

Corrosion of Reinforcement

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The corrosion of steel reinforcement within concrete is a process influenced by the material's inherent properties and external factors. The high pH level of around 13, provided by calcium hydroxide present in concrete, initially protects the steel reinforcement by promoting the formation of a passive iron oxide layer on its surface.
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Design Example: Sustainability in Concrete Building01:26

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As the construction industry moves towards more eco-friendly practices, concrete's adaptability and its ability to incorporate sustainable features make it a key material in the drive towards greener building solutions.
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Pozzolans01:21

Pozzolans

147
Pozzolans are siliceous or aluminous materials blended with Portland cement. They interact with the calcium hydroxide produced during the hydration of Portland cement and contribute to improved strength and durability of concrete. The pozzolanic activity, a measure of a pozzolan's effectiveness, is typically assessed using the strength activity index, as defined in ASTM C 618-93, which calculates the ratio of the compressive strength of cement mixtures with and without pozzolan.
Fly ash is...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 20, 2025

Production and Analysis of Sporosarcina pasteurii Biocement Bricks Using Custom 3D-Printed Molds for Unconfined Compression Tests
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Eco-friendly soil stabilization method using fish bone as cement material.

Maksym Avramenko1, Kazunori Nakashima2, Chikara Takano2

  • 1Graduate School of Engineering, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan.

The Science of the Total Environment
|July 30, 2023
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Enzyme-induced calcium phosphate precipitation using tuna bones strengthens sand soils up to 6.05 MPa. This eco-friendly method also significantly reduces ammonia emissions compared to traditional techniques.

Keywords:
Calcium Phosphate Compounds (CPCs)Enzyme Induced Calcium Phosphate Precipitation (EICPP)Ground improvementMorphologySoil improvementTuna fish bonespH dependency

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Area of Science:

  • Geotechnical Engineering
  • Environmental Science
  • Materials Science

Background:

  • Traditional soil improvement methods like ureolytic induced calcite precipitation (UICP) are widely used.
  • There is a need for novel, environmentally friendly, and non-toxic soil consolidation techniques.
  • Food industry waste, such as tuna bones, represents a potential source of valuable minerals.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the efficacy of enzyme-induced calcium phosphate precipitation (EICPP) for consolidating fine and coarse sand.
  • To explore the use of tuna bones as a sustainable source of calcium and phosphorus for EICPP.
  • To compare the performance of EICPP with UICP regarding soil strength and ammonia emission reduction.

Main Methods:

  • Soil samples (fine and coarse sand) were consolidated using EICPP with a solution derived from tuna bones.
  • Unconfined compressive strength (UCS) was measured after 21 days of treatment.
  • X-ray powder diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and SEM-energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (SEM-EDS) were employed to analyze the precipitate composition and morphology.

Main Results:

  • EICPP treatment increased the UCS of fine sand to 6.05 MPa and coarse sand to 4.3 MPa.
  • XRD and SEM-EDS confirmed the precipitate consists of calcium phosphate compounds (CPCs), specifically brushite, with distinct crystal morphologies (needle-like and flower-like).
  • Ammonia emissions were reduced by 85.7% - 97.5% compared to UICP.

Conclusions:

  • Tuna bones are a viable and rich source of calcium and phosphorus for EICPP in soil improvement.
  • EICPP using tuna bone-derived solution effectively strengthens silicate soils and offers significant environmental benefits.
  • This novel EICPP approach presents a sustainable alternative to conventional soil consolidation methods, reducing waste and emissions.