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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 20, 2025

A Modified Heterotopic Swine Hind Limb Transplant Model for Translational Vascularized Composite Allotransplantation VCA Research
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Long-term longitudinal study on swine VML model.

Francesca De Paolis1,2, Stefano Testa3, Gabriele Guarnaccia1

  • 1Department of Biology, University of Rome "Tor Vergata", Rome, 00133, Italy.

Biology Direct
|July 30, 2023
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Volumetric Muscle Loss (VML) in pigs shows poor muscle regeneration and significant scar tissue formation. This swine model mimics human VML, aiding research into new tissue engineering therapies for large muscle defects.

Keywords:
InflammationScar tissueSkeletal muscleVascularizationVolumetric muscle loss

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Area of Science:

  • Regenerative Medicine
  • Skeletal Muscle Biology
  • Biomaterials Science

Background:

  • Volumetric Muscle Loss (VML) hinders skeletal muscle regeneration due to its limited size.
  • Current surgical treatments for VML are insufficient, especially for military personnel.
  • Tissue engineering shows promise for VML, but requires larger animal models for human translation.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To validate a porcine model for Volumetric Muscle Loss (VML) research.
  • To assess the suitability of a large animal model for studying VML and tissue engineering strategies.
  • To investigate the regenerative capacity and tissue response in a surgically created VML defect in pigs.

Main Methods:

  • Surgical ablation of the peroneus tertius muscle in pigs (Sus scrofa domesticus).
  • Morphological, ultrasound, histological, and fluorescence analyses of scar tissue up to six months post-injury.
  • Evaluation of tissue regeneration, macrophage infiltration, and vascularization.

Main Results:

  • Pigs exhibited poor muscle regeneration following VML.
  • Significant formation of fibrotic scar tissue was observed.
  • Stable, structured, and vascularized granulation tissue developed, similar to human VML responses.

Conclusions:

  • The porcine model effectively replicates VML-induced fibrotic scarring and limited regeneration.
  • This model is suitable for preclinical evaluation of tissue engineering therapies for large muscle defects.
  • Findings support the use of this swine model for developing human-like VML treatments.