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Related Concept Videos

General Characteristics of Pipe Flow I01:22

General Characteristics of Pipe Flow I

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Pipe flow refers to the movement of fluids within fully enclosed conduits, typically cylindrical in shape, such as water pipes or hydraulic hoses. These conduits are designed to withstand high-pressure gradients that drive fluid movement, contrasting with open-channel flows, where gravity is the primary driving force. Rectangular conduits, like air conditioning and heating ducts, generally operate at lower pressures and are less suited for high-pressure applications.
The classification of fluid...
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General Characteristics of Pipe Flow II01:24

General Characteristics of Pipe Flow II

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When fluid enters a pipe, it first passes through the entrance region, where the velocity profile adjusts due to viscous effects. In this region, a boundary layer forms along the pipe walls and grows until it fully occupies the pipe's cross-section. Once the boundary layer merges, the flow becomes fully developed, with a steady velocity profile that remains consistent along the pipe's length.
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Laminar Flow01:27

Laminar Flow

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Laminar flow represents a smooth, orderly fluid motion where particles move along parallel paths, resulting in minimal mixing between layers. Streamlined particle paths characterize this flow regime and occur under conditions where viscous forces dominate over inertial forces. The distinction between laminar, transitional, and turbulent flow is primarily determined by the Reynolds number, a dimensionless quantity calculated as:
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Major Losses in Pipes01:28

Major Losses in Pipes

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When a fluid flows through a pipe, it experiences energy losses due to frictional resistance along the pipe walls, known as major losses. These energy losses result in a pressure drop, which varies based on the flow conditions — whether laminar or turbulent — and the specific physical properties of the fluid and pipe.
Fluid flow can be classified as laminar or turbulent, primarily based on the Reynolds number. This dimensionless number reflects the relative influence of inertial to...
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Single Pipe Systems01:24

Single Pipe Systems

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In pipe flow analysis, problems are typically categorized into three types — Type I, Type II, and Type III — based on the known parameters and the desired outcome. Each type of problem addresses specific engineering requirements using fluid properties, pipe characteristics, and operational conditions.
In a Type I problem, fluid properties (density and viscosity), pipe characteristics (including diameter, length, and surface roughness), and the flow rate or average velocity are...
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Irrotational Flow01:28

Irrotational Flow

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Irrotational flow is characterized by fluid motion where particles do not rotate around their axes, resulting in zero vorticity. For a flow to be irrotational, the curl of the velocity field must be zero. This imposes specific conditions on velocity gradients. For instance, to maintain zero rotation about the z-axis, the gradient condition:
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The Diffusion of Passive Tracers in Laminar Shear Flow
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Study of the reverse transition in pipe flow.

Hikaru Yokoo1, Mizuki Yamamoto1, Takumi Matsumoto1,2

  • 1Chubu University, Kasugai, Aichi, 487-8501, Japan.

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|July 30, 2023
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Summary

Reverse transition in pipe flow involves turbulent flow becoming laminar. This study shows entropy does not decrease, accounting for friction, challenging previous assumptions about fluid dynamics.

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Area of Science:

  • Fluid Dynamics
  • Thermodynamics

Background:

  • Reverse transition in pipe flow is when turbulent flow shifts to laminar flow.
  • Previously, it was thought that entropy decreases during this process.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To experimentally and theoretically investigate the reverse transition in pipe flow.
  • To re-evaluate the entropy change during reverse transition, considering friction.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized experimental methods and theoretical models based on entropy change and momentum balance.
  • Decreased the Reynolds number to induce reverse transition.

Main Results:

  • Reverse transition correlated with local Reynolds numbers.
  • Observed increased initial Reynolds number and higher pressure at low Reynolds numbers compared to ordinary pipe flow.
  • Demonstrated that entropy does not decrease when friction in the development region is included.

Conclusions:

  • The apparent decrease in entropy during reverse transition is an artifact of not accounting for frictional entropy.
  • Turbulent flow undergoing reverse transition exhibits unique pressure and Reynolds number behaviors.