In vitro models and ex vivo systems used in inflammatory bowel disease

Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is a chronic, relapsing gastrointestinal condition. Ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease are types of inflammatory bowel disease. Over many decades, the disease has been a topic of study, with experts still trying to figure out its cause and pathology. Researchers have established many in vivo animal models, in vitro cell lines, and ex vivo systems to understand its cause ultimately and adequately identify a therapy. However, in vivo animal models cannot be regarded as good models for studying IBD since they cannot completely simulate the disease. Furthermore, because species differences are a crucial subject of concern, in vitro cell lines and ex vivo systems can be employed to recreate the condition properly. In vitro models serve as the starting point for biological and medical research. Ex vivo and in vitro models for replicating gut physiology have been developed. This review aims to present a clear understanding of several in vitro and ex vivo models of IBD and provide insights into their benefits and limits and their value in understanding intestinal physiology.