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An ischemic stroke occurs when a cerebral blood vessel becomes obstructed, most often by a thrombus or embolus, interrupting the delivery of oxygen and glucose to brain tissue. Because neurons rely on continuous aerobic metabolism, energy failure begins within minutes of reduced perfusion. The region receiving the least blood flow becomes the infarct core, an area of irreversible cellular death. Surrounding this core lies the penumbra, a zone of hypoperfused but still viable tissue that is...
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Related Experiment Video

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A Mouse Model of Single and Repetitive Mild Traumatic Brain Injury
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Mild traumatic brain injury as a pathological process.

Yana Naumenko1, Irada Yuryshinetz1, Yelyzaveta Zabenko1

  • 1Bogomoletz Institute of Physiology, Department of Sensory Signalization, Kyiv, Ukraine.

Heliyon
|July 31, 2023
PubMed
Summary

Traumatic brain injury (TBI) involves brain damage from external force, with mild TBI being most common. This review covers TBI

Keywords:
Acute injuryExcitotoxicityGlial reactivityMild traumatic brain injuryPost-traumatic neurodegenerationSubacute injury

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Pathophysiology
  • Epidemiology

Background:

  • Traumatic brain injury (TBI) results from external physical force causing brain dysfunction.
  • Over 69 million global cases annually, with 80% being mild TBI.
  • TBI pathophysiology includes primary and secondary injury mechanisms with diverse neurological outcomes.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review and systematize current knowledge on the biomechanical and molecular mechanisms of mild TBI.
  • To provide general information on the classification and epidemiology of mild TBI.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review and synthesis of existing research on mild TBI.
  • Systematization of biomechanical and molecular mechanisms.
  • Compilation of epidemiological data and classification systems.

Main Results:

  • Mechanically induced brain injury triggers ionic, metabolic, inflammatory, and neurovascular changes.
  • These changes can lead to acute, subacute, and chronic neurological consequences.
  • Mild TBI presents significant challenges due to heterogeneity and lack of unified classification.

Conclusions:

  • Understanding TBI's complex mechanisms is crucial for developing therapeutic strategies.
  • This review consolidates knowledge on mild TBI's mechanisms, classification, and epidemiology.
  • Further research is needed to address the heterogeneity and variability of TBI consequences.