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Related Concept Videos

Lysogenic Cycle of Bacteriophages00:43

Lysogenic Cycle of Bacteriophages

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In contrast to the lytic cycle, phages infecting bacteria via the lysogenic cycle do not immediately kill their host cell. Instead, they combine their genome with the host genome, allowing the bacteria to replicate the phage DNA along with the bacterial genome. The incorporated copy of the phage genome is called the prophage. Some prophages can re-activate and enter the lytic cycle. This often occurs in response to a perturbation, such as DNA damage, but can also transpire in the absence of...
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Viral Replication: Lysogenic Cycle01:16

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The lysogenic cycle is a crucial viral replication strategy that allows bacteriophages to persist within host cells without immediately destroying them. This process is primarily observed in temperate phages, such as bacteriophage lambda (λ), which infects Escherichia coli. The cycle allows the viral genome to persist across bacterial generations while keeping host cells viable.Integration of the Viral GenomeUpon infection, bacteriophage lambda attaches to the bacterial surface and injects...
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Lytic Cycle of Bacteriophages01:30

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Bacteriophages, also known as phages, are specialized viruses that infect bacteria. A key characteristic of phages is their distinctive “head-tail” morphology. A phage begins the infection process (i.e., lytic cycle) by attaching to the outside of a bacterial cell. Attachment is accomplished via proteins in the phage tail that bind to specific receptor proteins on the outer surface of the bacterium. The tail injects the phage’s DNA genome into the bacterial cytoplasm. In the...
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DNA Bacteriophages01:26

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Bacteriophages, or phages, are viruses that specifically infect bacteria, utilizing their genetic material to hijack host cellular machinery for replication. DNA bacteriophages employ single-stranded DNA (ssDNA) or double-stranded DNA (dsDNA) genomes. These phages exhibit diverse replication strategies and host interactions, influencing their ecological roles and applications in biotechnology and medicine.ssDNA BacteriophagesssDNA phages, with their small genomes, utilize unique strategies to...
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Viral Replication: Lytic Cycle01:20

Viral Replication: Lytic Cycle

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Bacteriophages, or phages, are viruses that specifically infect bacteria. Among them, T-even bacteriophages, such as T4, exhibit a well-characterized lytic replication cycle in Escherichia coli (E. coli). This process ensures the rapid proliferation of the virus while ultimately leading to the destruction of the bacterial host.Attachment and DNA InjectionThe infection process begins with the recognition and binding of the T4 phage to the E. coli cell surface. Tail fibers of the phage...
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CRISPR and crRNAs02:53

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Bacteria and archaea are susceptible to viral infections just like eukaryotes; therefore, they have developed a unique adaptive immune system to protect themselves. Clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats and CRISPR-associated proteins (CRISPR-Cas) are present in more than 45% of known bacteria and 90% of known archaea.
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Wild-type Lactococcus lactis producing bacteriocin-like prophage lysins.

Timo M Takala1, Samira Mokhtari1, Susanna L Ahonen1,2

  • 1Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Agriculture and Forestry, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.

Frontiers in Microbiology
|July 31, 2023
PubMed
Summary

Novel phage lysins from Lactococcus lactis strain LAC460 exhibit antimicrobial activity, acting as potential class III bacteriocins. These findings expand the known bacteriocin types produced by lactic acid bacteria.

Keywords:
Lactococcusbacteriocinendolysinprophagevirion-associated lysin

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Area of Science:

  • Microbiology
  • Bacteriology

Background:

  • Lactococcus is a key dairy starter genus producing over 40 bacteriocins, primarily heat-resistant Class I and II peptides.
  • No Class III bacteriocins (heat-sensitive, larger proteins) have been identified in Lactococcus species.
  • Prophage lysins, unlike phage tail-like bacteriocins, are typically not classified as bacteriocins due to their role in autolysis.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the antimicrobial activity of Lactococcus lactis strain LAC460.
  • To identify the specific molecules responsible for the observed lytic activity.
  • To determine if these molecules represent a novel class of bacteriocins.

Main Methods:

  • Genome sequencing of L. lactis strain LAC460.
  • Identification and purification of phage lysins from culture supernatant.
  • Construction and analysis of knock-out mutants to assess gene function.

Main Results:

  • Strain LAC460 demonstrated protease- and heat-sensitive lytic activity against other Lactococcus strains.
  • Three phage lysins (LysL, LysP, and another) were identified, encoded by prophage regions.
  • LysL and LysP were confirmed as the primary mediators of antimicrobial activity via knock-out studies.
  • Strain LAC460 exhibited resistance to its own lysins, enabling extracellular activity.

Conclusions:

  • Phage lysins LysL and LysP from L. lactis LAC460 function as potent antimicrobial agents.
  • These lysin-based antimicrobials represent a novel potential class of Class III bacteriocins.
  • This discovery broadens the understanding of antimicrobial mechanisms in lactic acid bacteria.