In situ electrogenerated Cu(III) triggers hydroxyl radical production on the Cu-Sb-SnO₂ electrode for highly...

The electrochemical oxidation process has the unique advantage of in-situ •OH generation for deep mineralization of organic pollutants, which is expected to provide a solution for the globally decentralized wastewater treatment and reuse. However, it is still a great challenge to develop low-cost anodes with ultrahigh •OH yield and low energy consumption. Here, a low-cost and stable mixed metal oxide (MMO) anode (Cu-Sb-SnO₂) developed by a simple and scalable preparation process presents extremely high organic pollutants degradation efficiency and low energy consumption. The tetracycline degradation kinetics constant of the Cu-Sb-SnO₂ system (0.362 min^-1) was 9 to 45 times higher than that of other prepared anodes, which is superior to the existing anodes reported so far. The experimental results and theoretical calculations indicate that the Cu-Sb-SnO₂ has moderate oxygen evolution potential, larger water adsorption energy, and lower reaction energy barrier, which is conducive to selective water oxidation to generate •OH. Notably, it is systematically and comprehensively confirmed that the generation of •OH triggered by in situ electrogenerated Cu(III) increased •OH steady-state concentration by over four times. Furthermore, the doped Cu species can play a key role in promoting charge transfer as an "electronic porter" between Sn and Sb in the electrocatalytic process by adjusting the electronic structure of the Sb-SnO₂ electrode. This work paves the way for the development of MMO anodes utilizing the advantage of the Cu redox shuttle.