Tree responses and temperature requirements in two central Italy phenological gardens

Plants have always been able to adapt to climate change by reacting through various responses, mainly at the phenological level. The aim of this work is to investigate the behavior of specific tree species located in two phenological gardens in central Italy in relation to the temperature increases recorded in recent years. Specifically, four main phenological phases, BBCH_11, BBCH_19, BBCH_91, and BBCH_65, were monitored during a 14-year time period. The data of the weeks corresponding to the first appearance of each phenological phase and the respective heat accumulations for each species were cross-referenced with the meteorological data recorded by the stations in the two considered areas. Based on average temperature, calculated over reference periods, the species were divided by creating "warm" year groups and "cold" year groups so as to better highlight any differences in the behavior of the same species. In addition, a strong correlation was shown between the maximum temperatures in February and the advances of phenological phases BBCH_11 and BBCH_65. Most of the tree species have shown strong adaptation to climate warming, changing the period of occurrence of the phases themselves.