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Among the three main modes of HGT—transformation, conjugation, and transduction—transduction is unique in that it is mediated by bacteriophages, or bacterial viruses.Transduction occurs in two ways. Generalized transduction occurs during the lytic cycle of a bacteriophage infection. In this process, bacteriophages infect bacterial cells, replicate within them, and ultimately cause cell lysis, releasing newly assembled virions. Occasionally, random fragments of the bacterial genome...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 20, 2025

An Intestinal Gut Organ Culture System for Analyzing Host-Microbiota Interactions
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Trace metal elements: a bridge between host and intestinal microorganisms.

Yong Ma1, Yanquan Fei1, Sujuan Ding1

  • 1College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Hunan Agricultural University, Hunan Provincial Engineering Research Center of Applied Microbial Resources Development for Livestock and Poultry, Changsha, 410128, China.

Science China. Life Sciences
|August 1, 2023
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Trace metal elements are vital for health, influencing gut microbes and host immunity. Host-microbe interactions involving these essential nutrients impact overall health and pathogen resistance.

Keywords:
host immunityintestinal microorganismsmetal metabolismtrace metal elements

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Area of Science:

  • Microbiology
  • Nutritional Science
  • Immunology

Background:

  • Trace metal elements (e.g., iron, copper, manganese, zinc) are essential micronutrients crucial for biological processes and cellular homeostasis.
  • These elements act as cofactors for numerous enzymes, highlighting their fundamental role in metabolic pathways.
  • Intestinal microorganisms and the host compete for trace metals, creating a dynamic interplay that influences organismal health.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the absorption and transport mechanisms of trace metal elements in both hosts and symbiotic gut microorganisms.
  • To elucidate the impact of fluctuating trace metal levels on the structure and function of the intestinal microbial community.
  • To highlight the role of trace metal elements as enzyme cofactors in host immune responses.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review synthesizing current research on trace metal metabolism.
  • Analysis of host-microbe interactions concerning trace metal acquisition and utilization.
  • Examination of the immunological functions mediated by trace metals.

Main Results:

  • Trace metal availability significantly alters the composition and function of the gut microbiota.
  • Changes in microbial communities can, in turn, affect the host's trace metal metabolism.
  • Trace metals are integral to host immune defense, employed through mechanisms like metal-nutrition immunity and metal poisoning to combat pathogens.

Conclusions:

  • The intricate relationship between trace metal elements, gut microbiota, and host immunity is critical for maintaining health.
  • Understanding these dynamics offers insights into novel strategies for managing infections and enhancing immunity.
  • Host-microbe competition and cooperation over trace metals represent a key factor in host-pathogen interactions and immune defense.