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Related Concept Videos

Group Polarization01:01

Group Polarization

34.3K
Group polarization is the strengthening of an original group attitude following the discussion of views within a group (Teger & Pruitt, 1967). That is, if a group initially favors a viewpoint, after discussion the group consensus is likely a stronger endorsement of the viewpoint. Conversely, if the group was initially opposed to a viewpoint, group discussion would likely lead to stronger opposition.
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Null and Alternative Hypotheses01:16

Null and Alternative Hypotheses

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The actual hypothesis testing begins by considering two hypotheses. They are termed  the null hypothesis and the alternative hypothesis. These hypotheses contain opposing viewpoints.
The null hypothesis, denoted by H0 is a statement of no difference between the variables—they are not related. This can often be considered the status quo. As  a result if you cannot accept the null, it requires some action.
The alternative hypothesis, denoted by H1 or Ha, is a claim about the...
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Radical Formation: Abstraction00:47

Radical Formation: Abstraction

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The electron of an atom can be abstracted from a compound by a relatively unstable radical to generate a new radical of relatively greater stability. For example, an initiator which forms radicals by homolysis can abstract a suitable species like a hydrogen atom or a halogen atom from a compound to generate a new radical. This ability of radicals to propagate by abstraction is a crucial feature of radical chain reactions.
Even though homolysis produces radicals, it is different from radical...
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Radical Formation: Elimination00:51

Radical Formation: Elimination

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Another method of radical formation is the elimination process. It is the opposite of the addition route and is driven by the instability of the radical. For example, as depicted in Figure 1, dibenzoyl peroxide yields a pair of unstable radicals upon homolysis. Given its instability, this radical spontaneously undergoes elimination via a C–C bond cleavage to form a relatively more stable phenyl radical. The mechanism involves cleavage of the bond between the α and β positions...
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Radical Formation: Addition00:47

Radical Formation: Addition

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Radicals can be formed by adding a radical to a spin-paired molecule. This is typically observed with unsaturated species, where the addition of a radical across the π bond leads to the production of a new radical by dissolving the π bond. For example, the addition of a Br radical to an alkene yields a carbon-centered radical.
Similar to charge conservation in chemical reactions, spin conservation is implicit for radical reactions. Accordingly, the product formed must possess an...
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Law of Segregation01:49

Law of Segregation

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When crossing pea plants, Mendel noticed that one of the parental traits would sometimes disappear in the first generation of offspring, called the F1 generation, and could reappear in the next generation (F2). He concluded that one of the traits must be dominant over the other, thereby causing masking of one trait in the F1 generation. When he crossed the F1 plants, he found that 75% of the offspring in the F2 generation had the dominant phenotype, while 25% had the recessive phenotype.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 20, 2025

Continuous Theta Burst Stimulation of the Posterior Medial Frontal Cortex to Experimentally Reduce Ideological Threat Responses
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Death pluralism: a proposal.

Gonzalo Díaz-Cobacho1, Alberto Molina-Pérez2, David Rodríguez-Arias3

  • 1Department of Philosophy I, University of Granada, Granada, Spain. gdc@ugr.es.

Philosophy, Ethics, and Humanities in Medicine : PEHM
|August 1, 2023
PubMed
Summary

Determining death is complex, with rising objections to brain death criteria. This paper introduces "weak pluralism," a new ethical approach to respect diverse beliefs in death determination.

Keywords:
AccommodationBioethicsBrain deathPluralismReligion

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Area of Science:

  • Medical Ethics
  • Legal Medicine
  • Philosophy of Medicine

Background:

  • The determination of death has been debated for over 50 years.
  • Increasing family objections to brain death diagnoses prompt novel legal and ethical considerations.
  • Academic criticism of the brain death criterion fuels ongoing debate.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To examine current and proposed methods for determining death.
  • To address ethical and political challenges in death determination.
  • To propose "weak pluralism" as a framework for respecting diversity in death determination.

Main Methods:

  • Review of theoretical and practical approaches to death determination.
  • Analysis of ethical and legal objections to current criteria.
  • Development of the "weak pluralism" concept.

Main Results:

  • Existing death determination methods face significant ethical and practical challenges.
  • There is a growing need for approaches that accommodate diverse beliefs.
  • "Weak pluralism" offers a potential solution to navigate these complexities.

Conclusions:

  • The concept of brain death is increasingly contested.
  • Respecting diverse beliefs in death determination is ethically imperative.
  • "Weak pluralism" provides a viable framework for ethical and political consensus.