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Chronic Kidney Disease II: Clinical Manifestations01:24

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Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD) progressively impairs multiple body systems due to the accumulation of uremic toxins, which disrupt cellular functions across various organs.Neurologic symptomsNeurologic symptoms often arise early in CKD, as uremic toxin buildup drives changes in cognitive and motor functions. Patients frequently experience fatigue, headache, confusion, difficulty concentrating, and, in severe cases, seizures. Peripheral neuropathy commonly manifests as burning sensations in the...
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Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD) arises when the kidneys progressively lose their ability to function, ultimately leading to end-stage kidney disease (ESKD). At this advanced stage, the kidneys can no longer filter waste or maintain essential body functions, requiring renal replacement therapy (RRT) through dialysis or a kidney transplant for survival.Early-stage chronic kidney disease and detection challengesIn CKD's early stages, symptoms often remain absent because healthy nephrons compensate...
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Accurate diagnosis and effective prevention are critical in managing Acute Kidney Injury (AKI), which is linked to high mortality rates ranging from 10% to 80%. Timely recognition of at-risk patients and careful monitoring can significantly reduce the likelihood of kidney damage.Diagnostic Assessments:The diagnostic process starts with a comprehensive medical history to identify prerenal, intrarenal, and postrenal causes.Prerenal causes, such as dehydration, hypotension, or blood loss, should...
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Heart failure and kidney perfusion are interconnected in a complex way. Reduced renal perfusion and venous congestion are two significant factors that contribute to renal dysfunction in heart failure. The kidneys, primarily responsible for fluid balance in the body, are adversely affected due to compromised cardiac output and increased venous pressure. In response to reduced renal perfusion, the kidneys activate neurohumoral mechanisms to restore balance. However, these mechanisms can be...
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Hypertension, the most common cardiovascular disease, is diagnosed through repeated measurements of elevated blood pressure. Its risks, including damage to the kidney, heart, and brain, are directly proportional to blood pressure levels. Starting from 115/75 mm Hg, the risk of cardiovascular disease doubles with each increment of 20/10 mm Hg. The diagnosis relies on blood pressure measurements, not on patient symptoms, as hypertension is often asymptomatic until end-organ damage is imminent or...
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A kidney transplant is a surgical approach that involves replacing a non-functioning kidney with a healthy one from a donor. This procedure is often a treatment option for end-stage renal disease (ESRD) patients. The method requires careful recipient selection, including evaluating various medical and psychosocial factors. These criteria vary between transplant centers but generally include assessments of the patient's overall health, adherence to medical recommendations, and lifestyle...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 20, 2025

Assessment of Vascular Function in Patients With Chronic Kidney Disease
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Kidney function and cardiovascular diseases: a large-scale observational and Mendelian randomization study.

Chang Hu1,2, Yiming Li1,2, Yaoyao Qian1,2

  • 1Department of Critical Care Medicine, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, China.

Frontiers in Immunology
|August 2, 2023
PubMed
Summary

Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) causally increase the risk of kidney dysfunction, including chronic kidney disease (CKD) and renal failure (RF). However, current evidence does not support a causal effect of kidney function on CVD development.

Keywords:
Mendelian randomizationcardiovascular diseaseschronic kidney diseaseestimated glomerular filtration ratekidney function

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Area of Science:

  • Investigates the complex interplay between renal function and cardiovascular health.
  • Employs advanced statistical methods, including Mendelian randomization, to explore causality.

Background:

  • Previous observational studies suggest an association between kidney function and cardiovascular diseases (CVDs).
  • Causality in the relationship between kidney function and CVDs remains unclear.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To examine the causal relationship between kidney function and CVDs.
  • To investigate the bidirectional causal effects of kidney function (eGFR, CKD) and CVDs (AF, CAD, HF, AS, AIS).

Main Methods:

  • Utilized data from the eICU Collaborative Research Database (2014-2015) for observational analysis.
  • Conducted a two-sample bidirectional Mendelian randomization (MR) analysis to infer causality.
  • Included large patient cohorts and specific cardiovascular and kidney disease metrics.

Main Results:

  • Observational analysis: Baseline CVDs significantly increased the risk of developing renal failure (RF) during hospitalization.
  • Mendelian randomization: Genetically predicted atrial fibrillation (AF) associated with increased CKD risk; heart failure (HF) correlated with lower estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR).
  • Mendelian randomization: Genetic susceptibility for stroke (AS, AIS) linked to lower eGFR and higher CKD risk. No significant causal effect of kidney function on CVDs was found.

Conclusions:

  • This study provides evidence for the causal effect of CVDs on kidney function.
  • Insufficient evidence currently supports a causal role of kidney function in the development of CVDs.
  • Further mechanistic studies are warranted to elucidate the causal pathways.