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Related Concept Videos

Coronary Artery Disease I: Introduction01:30

Coronary Artery Disease I: Introduction

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Coronary Artery Disease (CAD): An Overview with Scientific InsightsCoronary Artery Disease (CAD), often referred to as C-A-D, is a prevalent blood vessel disorder classified under the broader category of atherosclerosis. Atherosclerosis is a pathological process characterized by the hardening and narrowing of arteries due to the accumulation of atherosclerotic plaques. These plaques are composed of cholesterol, fatty substances, inflammatory cells, calcium, and fibrin, reducing blood flow to...
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Atherosclerosis is a progressive disorder that leads to the thickening and narrowing of arterial walls due to plaque buildup. This condition can cause various symptoms depending on the arteries affected:Coronary Artery Disease (CAD): This condition affects the coronary arteries and may lead to chest pain (angina), shortness of breath (dyspnea), heart attacks, and other heart disease symptoms.Cerebrovascular Disease: This affects blood flow to the brain, causing transient ischemic attacks (TIAs)...
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Atherosclerosis is a progressive disorder characterized by the buildup of plaques on the arterial inner wall, causing them to narrow and harden over time. These plaques comprise lipids, calcium, blood components, carbohydrates, and fibrous tissue. The process primarily affects the intima of large and medium-sized arteries, reducing blood flow in any artery.Etiology and risk factorsThe cause of atherosclerosis is multifactorial, involving a complex interplay among endothelial injury, lipid...
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In most mammalian species, females have two X sex chromosomes and males have an X and Y. As a result, mutations on the X chromosome in females may be masked by the presence of a normal allele on the second X. In contrast, a mutation on the X chromosome in males more often causes observable biological defects, as there is no normal X to compensate. Trait variations arising from mutations on the X chromosome are called “X-linked”.
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Psychoneuroimmunology (PNI) is a multidisciplinary field that examines how psychological factors, particularly stress, interact with the immune system and impact physical health. Research in PNI has shown that chronic or traumatic stress can disrupt both the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis and the sympathetic nervous system. These disruptions contribute to serious health conditions, including cardiovascular diseases.
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Management of atherosclerosis involves an integrated strategy encompassing pharmacological treatment, surgical interventions, lifestyle changes, and nutrition therapy to address the multifactorial nature of the disease.Pharmacological TherapyA cornerstone of atherosclerosis management is the use of pharmacological agents. Statins, such as atorvastatin, are pivotal in inhibiting HMG-CoA reductase, an enzyme that catalyzes an initial step in cholesterol synthesis in the liver. This reduction in...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 20, 2025

Sex Stratified Neuronal Cultures to Study Ischemic Cell Death Pathways
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Sex Differences Define the Vulnerability to Atherosclerosis.

Anastasia V Poznyak1, Vasiliy N Sukhorukov2, Shuzhen Guo3

  • 1Institute for Atherosclerosis Research, Moscow, Russia.

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|August 2, 2023
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This review highlights sex differences in atherosclerosis, revealing that females exhibit protective effects against cardiovascular disease progression and complications. Further research is needed to fully understand these sex-based mechanisms.

Keywords:
Sex differencesatherosclerosiscardiovascular diseasesex differences

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Area of Science:

  • Cardiovascular Research
  • Pathophysiology
  • Sex Differences in Medicine

Background:

  • Atherosclerosis remains a leading cause of cardiovascular disease, yet its underlying mechanisms and risk factors are not fully elucidated.
  • Despite known pathogenic players, the intricate details of their implementation and interactions in atherosclerosis are still under investigation.
  • Understanding how risk factors contribute to atherosclerosis pathogenesis requires further exploration.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To consolidate current knowledge on the role of sex as a biological variable in human and animal atherosclerosis.
  • To identify existing gaps in understanding how biological sex influences atherosclerosis development and its complications.
  • To examine sex-based disparities in inflammation, vascular remodeling, and plaque morphology within atherosclerosis.

Main Methods:

  • Comprehensive literature review of recent studies on sex differences in atherosclerosis.
  • Analysis of data from both human and animal models.
  • Synthesis of findings related to inflammation, vascular remodeling, and plaque characteristics.

Main Results:

  • Significant sex differences exist in the inflammatory processes involved in atherosclerosis.
  • Vascular remodeling patterns in atherosclerosis vary between sexes.
  • Plaque morphology demonstrates distinct characteristics influenced by biological sex.
  • The female sex appears to possess atheroprotective qualities.

Conclusions:

  • Biological sex plays a crucial role in the pathogenesis and progression of atherosclerosis.
  • Female sex demonstrates a protective effect against atherosclerosis development and complications.
  • Further investigation into sex-specific mechanisms is warranted to refine therapeutic strategies for cardiovascular disease.