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Related Concept Videos

Olfaction01:25

Olfaction

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The sense of smell is achieved through the activities of the olfactory system. It starts when an airborne odorant enters the nasal cavity and reaches olfactory epithelium (OE). The OE is protected by a thin layer of mucus, which also serves the purpose of dissolving more complex compounds into simpler chemical odorants. The size of the OE and the density of sensory neurons varies among species; in humans, the OE is only about 9-10 cm2.
The olfactory receptors are embedded in the cilia of the...
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Sensory Perception: Organization of the Somatosensory System01:11

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The somatosensory system is the central and peripheral nervous system component that senses and processes touch, pressure, pain, temperature, and body position or proprioception. The process of sensation takes place at three levels:
The receptor level:
The receptor level is the first stage of sensation. It involves the detection of a stimulus by specialized sensory receptors. The stimulus must arrive within the receptor's receptive field. Next, the receptor converts the energy of the...
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Physiology of Smell and Olfactory Pathway01:20

Physiology of Smell and Olfactory Pathway

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Humans detect odors with the help of specialized cells located in the upper part of the nasal cavity, called olfactory receptor neurons (ORNs). ORNs possess hair-like structures called cilia, which are receptive to sensations from the inhaled air. When an odorant molecule binds to a specific receptor on the cell of the cilia, it leads to a series of events that ultimately cause the ORN to send electrical signals to the olfactory bulb in the brain through the olfactory nerves.
The olfactory...
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Introduction to Special Senses01:26

Introduction to Special Senses

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Sensory receptors play an integral part in comprehending our external and internal environments. They receive diverse stimuli, converting them into the nervous system's electrochemical signals. This conversion occurs as the stimulus alters the sensory neuron's cell membrane potential, instigating the generation of an action potential. This action potential is subsequently transmitted to the central nervous system (CNS), which integrates with other sensory data or higher cognitive...
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Tactile and Chemical Senses01:27

Tactile and Chemical Senses

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Tactile senses encompass touch, temperature, and pain, each mediated by specific receptors. Touch receptors detect mechanical energy or pressure against the skin. Sensory fibers from these receptors enter the spinal cord and relay information to the brain stem. Here, most fibers cross over to the opposite side of the brain. The touch information then moves to the thalamus, which projects a map of the body's surface onto the somatosensory areas of the parietal lobes in the cerebral cortex.
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Sensory Modalities01:15

Sensory Modalities

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Sensation typically is the process by which the sensory receptors and sense organs detect stimuli from the internal and external environment and transmit this information to the central nervous system for processing.
General senses refer to the broad category of sensory information detected by receptors in the body and can be further grouped into somatic and visceral senses. Somatic sensations include touch, pressure, temperature, and pain and are essential for navigating our environment and...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 20, 2025

Constructing an Olfactometer for Rodent Olfactory Behavior Studies Near-Infrared Spectroscopy Hyperscanning Study in Psychological Counseling
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Constructing an Olfactometer for Rodent Olfactory Behavior Studies Near-Infrared Spectroscopy Hyperscanning Study in Psychological Counseling

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Four levels of in-sensor computing in bionic olfaction: from discrete components to multi-modal integrations.

Lin Liu1,2, Yuchun Zhang1, Yong Yan1,2,3

  • 1CAS Key Laboratory of Nanosystem and Hierarchical Fabrication, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology, Beijing 100190, China. yany@nanoctr.cn.

Nanoscale Horizons
|August 2, 2023
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Summary

In-sensor computing integrates sensing, storage, and processing, eliminating analog-to-digital converters (ADCs) and data transfer for efficient artificial olfaction. This review outlines four integration levels, highlighting metal nanoparticles for bionic olfaction systems.

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Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Computer Engineering
  • Biotechnology

Background:

  • Sensing and computing enable digital interaction with the analog world via analog-to-digital converters (ADCs) and data buses.
  • Increasing sensor nodes and deep neural networks amplify energy and time consumption, limiting data throughput.
  • In-sensor computing offers a paradigm shift by integrating sensing, storage, and processing within a single device, bypassing ADCs and data transfer.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review and categorize four levels of in-sensor computing integration for artificial olfactory applications.
  • To explore advancements in in-sensor computing for enhanced artificial olfaction.
  • To provide an outlook on utilizing metal nanoparticle devices for bionic olfaction.

Main Methods:

  • Categorization of in-sensor computing based on integration degree in artificial olfaction.
  • Review of discrete component functions, in-memory computing architectures, single-device integration, and multi-modal approaches.
  • Exploration of metal nanoparticle devices for future bionic olfaction.

Main Results:

  • Four distinct levels of in-sensor computing integration were identified, progressing from discrete components to multi-modal systems.
  • In-memory computing architectures exempt data conversion and transfer, while single-device integration streamlines functionality.
  • Multi-modal in-sensor computing enhances classification accuracy and reliability in artificial olfaction.

Conclusions:

  • In-sensor computing significantly reduces energy and time consumption in artificial olfaction systems.
  • The progression of integration levels demonstrates increasing efficiency and capability.
  • Metal nanoparticle devices show promise for realizing advanced in-sensor computing in bionic olfaction.