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Updated: Jul 20, 2025

Analysis of Retinoic Acid-induced Neural Differentiation of Mouse Embryonic Stem Cells in Two and Three-dimensional Embryoid Bodies
Published on: April 22, 2017
Functional characterization of all-trans retinoic acid-induced differentiation factor (ATRAID)
Roya Mehrasa1,2, Ileana Cristea1,3, Cecilie Bredrup1,3
1Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Bergen, Norway.
None:
All-trans retinoic acid-induced differentiation (ATRAID) factor was first identified in HL60 cells. Several mRNA isoforms exist, but the respective proteins have not been fully characterized. In transfected cells expressing Myc-Flag-tagged ATRAID Isoform (Iso) A, B, and C, Iso C was found to be expressed at high levels, Iso A was found to be expressed at low levels due to rapid degradation, and the predicted protein expressed from Iso B was not detected. Iso C was present mainly in an N-glycosylated form. In subcellular fractionation experiments, Iso C localized to the membranous and nuclear fractions, while immunofluorescence analysis revealed that Iso C is located close to the plasma membrane, mainly in cytoplasmic vesicles and in the Golgi area. We confirm that Iso C colocalizes to some extent with endosomal/lysosomal markers LAMP1 and LAMP2. Furthermore, we show that ATRAID co-localizes with RAB11, a GTPase associated with recycling endosomes and implicated in regulating vesicular trafficking.
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