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Related Concept Videos

Mechanisms of Membrane-bending01:15

Mechanisms of Membrane-bending

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The living membranes are flexible due to their fluid mosaic nature; however, their bending into different shapes is an active process regulated by specific lipids and proteins. The membrane bending can be transient as seen in vesicles or stable for a long time as in microvilli. Cells regulate the size, location, and duration of the membrane curvature.
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In animal cells, the extracellular matrix allows cells within tissues to withstand external stresses and transmits signals from the outside of the cell to the inside. The extracellular matrix is extensive, and its composition varies between different types of tissues. For example, the reticular fibers and ground substance make up the ECM in loose connective tissue, while collagen and bone minerals make up the ECM of bone tissue. 
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The basal lamina is a thin extracellular layer that lies underneath the cells and separates them from other tissues. The three layers of the basal lamina are lamina lucida, lamina densa and lamina reticularis. The basal lamina, a mixture of glycoproteins and collagen, provides an attachment site for the epithelium, separating it from underlying connective tissue. The framework of basal lamina has other essential proteins such as laminins mesh, perlecan, entactin, and type IV collagen.
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The extracellular matrix or ECM holds cells together to form a tissue and allows the cells within the tissue to communicate. ECM comprises proteins such as fibronectin, collagen, laminin, etc. The most abundant protein in this space is collagen. Collagen fibers are interwoven with carbohydrate-containing protein molecules called proteoglycans. ECM allows cell migration and provides a structural scaffold at cell adhesion that anchors the cell when the extracellular matrix proteins interact with...
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Blebs are a type of membrane protrusion formed by the internal hydrostatic pressure of the cytoplasm. Blebs are observed in several cell types, including fibroblasts, immune cells, and single-celled organisms like the amoeba. The primary function of blebs is cell locomotion and apoptosis, but they are also found during necrosis and cell division. The life cycle of a bleb comprises an initiation phase followed by the expansion and retraction phases.
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Basement membrane dynamics and mechanics in tissue morphogenesis.

Uwe Töpfer1

  • 1Department of Cellular and Physiological Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada, V6T 1Z3.

Biology Open
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Summary

The basement membrane (BM) is a dynamic matrix crucial for tissue development. Its varying composition and structure enable precise control over tissue shape and organ formation.

Keywords:
CollagenExtracellular matrixLamininNidogenPerlecan

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Area of Science:

  • Extracellular matrix biology
  • Developmental biology
  • Biophysics

Background:

  • The basement membrane (BM) is a critical extracellular matrix layer essential for tissue structure, cell polarity, migration, and signaling.
  • BMs exhibit diverse molecular compositions, structures, and assembly mechanisms, influencing tissue physical properties.
  • Understanding how BM regulation impacts mechanical properties and morphogenesis remains incomplete.

Approach:

  • This review synthesizes recent findings on basement membrane regulation and its role in morphogenesis.
  • It highlights studies demonstrating how controlled BM deposition and degradation create heterogeneous matrices.
  • The review connects matrix heterogeneity to temporospatial force generation and tissue sculpting.

Key Points:

  • Basement membrane heterogeneity in protein density, composition, thickness, and polarization can be precisely controlled.
  • Such controlled heterogeneity generates anisotropic forces within tissues.
  • These forces are instrumental in directing tissue sculpting during development.

Conclusions:

  • The basement membrane is a key regulator of morphogenesis through its dynamic and heterogeneous nature.
  • Precise control over BM properties allows for intricate tissue shaping and organ development.
  • Further research into BM regulation offers new insights into developmental mechanisms.