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    Area of Science:

    • Evolutionary Biology
    • Ornithology
    • Bioacoustics

    Background:

    • Spatial variation in signals is key to understanding speciation.
    • Mate recognition signals, like bird songs, are crucial for reproductive isolation.
    • Innate songs in suboscine birds offer a model for studying song evolution.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To investigate the causes of song divergence in two sister species of Atlantic Forest fire-eye antbirds (Pyriglena).
    • To evaluate the influence of isolation by distance, introgressive hybridization, morphology, and environment on geographic song variation.
    • To test hypotheses concerning the evolutionary and ecological drivers of acoustic signal divergence.

    Main Methods:

    • Analyzed 496 male vocalizations from 63 locations across a 2,200-km transect.
    • Utilized statistical analyses to assess the impact of isolation by distance, hybridization, morphology, and environment on song structure.
    • Examined clinal variation and introgressive hybridization patterns in the contact zone.

    Main Results:

    • Revealed clinal changes in song structure across the species' ranges.
    • Demonstrated that introgressive hybridization increases both song variability and homogenization in the contact zone.
    • Found that isolation by distance, morphology, environment, and genetic introgression independently predict song variation.

    Conclusions:

    • Song divergence is influenced by a combination of ecological and evolutionary processes.
    • An integrative approach is essential for understanding the complex factors driving acoustic signal evolution.
    • Hybridization plays a significant role in shaping song patterns in contact zones.