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Related Concept Videos

Complement System01:27

Complement System

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The complement system is a group of approximately 20 plasma proteins that strengthen the body's defenses against infections through opsonization, inflammation, and cell lysis. Opsonization involves coating pathogens with complement proteins, making them more recognizable and facilitating phagocyte engulfment. Certain complement proteins induce inflammation that attracts immune cells to the site of infection. Cell lysis involves the destruction of pathogens through the formation of a...
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Antimicrobial Proteins01:23

Antimicrobial Proteins

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Antimicrobial proteins are important components of the immune system. They aid the body in combating pathogens by either killing them directly or hindering their replication processes. Four main types of antimicrobial substances are interferons, the complement system, iron-binding proteins, and antimicrobial proteins.
Interferons
Interferons (IFNs) are proteins produced by lymphocytes, macrophages, and fibroblasts infected with viruses. While IFNs cannot prevent viruses from entering and...
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Disorders of the Nervous Tissue01:28

Disorders of the Nervous Tissue

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Nervous tissue is a vital component of the human body's communication system, enabling us to perceive and respond to stimuli. However, like all other tissues, it is vulnerable to disorders and diseases that can significantly impact our neurological functioning.
Homeostatic Imbalances:
Alzheimer's disease manifests as a gradual decline in memory and cognitive abilities, attributed to the buildup of amyloid plaques and neurofibrillary tangles in the brain.
Parkinson's disease arises from the...
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Cerebrospinal Fluid01:21

Cerebrospinal Fluid

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Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) is a colorless liquid that flows around the brain and the spinal cord, playing a vital role in the protection, support, and overall function of the central nervous system (CNS). CSF production, circulation, and absorption are tightly regulated processes essential for the brain and spinal cord to function properly.
CSF Production
CSF is produced mainly in the choroid plexus, a network of capillaries and ependymal cells located within the ventricular system of the brain....
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Psychoneuroimmunology: Cardiovascular Disease01:27

Psychoneuroimmunology: Cardiovascular Disease

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Psychoneuroimmunology (PNI) is a multidisciplinary field that examines how psychological factors, particularly stress, interact with the immune system and impact physical health. Research in PNI has shown that chronic or traumatic stress can disrupt both the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis and the sympathetic nervous system. These disruptions contribute to serious health conditions, including cardiovascular diseases.
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Pneumonia II: Pathophysiology01:29

Pneumonia II: Pathophysiology

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The pathophysiology of pneumonia involves the following steps:
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 20, 2025

A Model of Epileptogenesis in Rhinal Cortex-Hippocampus Organotypic Slice Cultures
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COVID, complement, and the brain.

Sonia I Vlaicu1,2, Alexandru Tatomir1, Jacob Cuevas1

  • 1Department of Neurology, University of Maryland, School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States.

Frontiers in Immunology
|August 3, 2023
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

The SARS-CoV-2 virus impacts the brain, causing neuroinflammation and cognitive decline in long COVID. This review highlights microglial reactivity, impaired neurogenesis, and blood-brain barrier damage, implicating complement pathways in COVID-19 neurological sequelae.

Keywords:
C5b-9COVIDbraincognitive dysfunctioncomplement systemendothelial cells

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A Human Blood-Brain Interface Model to Study Barrier Crossings by Pathogens or Medicines and Their Interactions with the Brain
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A Human Blood-Brain Interface Model to Study Barrier Crossings by Pathogens or Medicines and Their Interactions with the Brain
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Area of Science:

  • Neurology
  • Immunology
  • Virology

Background:

  • COVID-19 (caused by SARS-CoV-2) is linked to neurological complications, including cognitive dysfunction (long COVID).
  • Neuroinflammation and its effects on brain function are key areas of investigation.
  • Understanding these mechanisms is crucial for managing long COVID symptoms.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review recent advances in understanding the role of neuroinflammation in COVID-19 brain pathology.
  • To summarize the neurological consequences of SARS-CoV-2 infection.
  • To explore the involvement of complement pathways in COVID-19-related brain injury.

Main Methods:

  • Review of existing studies on SARS-CoV-2 effects in human and mouse brains.
  • Analysis of neuroimaging (MRI) findings in COVID-19 patients.
  • Examination of post-mortem brain tissue for viral presence, immune cell reactivity, and complement deposition.

Main Results:

  • SARS-CoV-2 infection is associated with microglial reactivity, reduced neurogenesis, oligodendrocyte loss, and myelin damage.
  • COVID-19 patients show reduced grey matter thickness and brain size, correlating with cognitive decline.
  • Evidence of blood-brain barrier leakage, fibrinogen extravasation, and complement pathway activation (classical and alternative) in COVID-19 brains.

Conclusions:

  • SARS-CoV-2 directly affects brain endothelial cells, potentially causing clots and stroke.
  • Neuroinflammation and complement system activation (C3b, MAC) play significant roles in COVID-19 neurological sequelae.
  • These immune-mediated processes contribute to the diverse neurological symptoms observed in COVID-19 patients.