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During adolescence, individuals experience significant cognitive development that enhances their understanding of others' emotions and thoughts, known as cognitive empathy. This period is marked by an increased ability to adapt to others' perspectives and a more nuanced understanding of others' mental states, a skill that is foundational for social problem-solving and conflict avoidance. The development of cognitive empathy relies heavily on the theory of mind — the...
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Profiling intra- and inter-individual differences in brain development across early adolescence.

Katherine L Bottenhorn1, Carlos Cardenas-Iniguez2, Kathryn L Mills3

  • 1Department of Population and Public Health Sciences, University of Southern California, 1845 N Soto St, Los Angeles, CA 90032, USA; Department of Psychology, Florida International University, 11200 SW 8th St, Miami, FL 33199, USA.

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Understanding brain development in early adolescence is key. This study reveals moderate individual brain changes but highlights that puberty significantly impacts brain development variability, with limited sex differences observed.

Keywords:
Brain developmentCognitive developmentIndividual differencesMRIPuberty

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Area of Science:

  • Developmental neuroscience
  • Neuroimaging
  • Adolescent brain development

Background:

  • Population-level neuroscience requires understanding brain maturation variability.
  • Longitudinal studies show group trajectories, but individual differences remain unclear.
  • Early adolescence is a critical period for neurodevelopmental changes.

Purpose of the Study:

  • Quantify intra- and inter-individual variability in brain development during early adolescence.
  • Examine how age, sex, and puberty influence this variability.
  • Provide insights into normative brain development and its heterogeneity.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized data from the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development (ABCD) Study.
  • Analyzed macrostructure, microstructure, and functional brain development.
  • Examined annualized percent change in brain measures from ages 9-13.

Main Results:

  • Found moderate age-related intra-individual brain changes.
  • Identified age-related differences in inter-individual variability for some cortical measures.
  • Observed greater inter-individual variability in mid-pubertal individuals, with some exceptions in white matter development.
  • Noted sex differences in macrostructure and functional development in some regions, but limited support for greater male variability.

Conclusions:

  • Highlights pockets of individual variability in early adolescent brain development.
  • Reveals regional differences in brain development heterogeneity.
  • Facilitates future research into normative development and deviations.
  • Emphasizes the role of puberty in shaping inter-individual differences in brain maturation.