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Antibiotic resistance is a major public health concern that arises when bacteria evolve mechanisms to withstand the effects of antibiotic treatments. This resistance can be intrinsic, acquired through genetic mutations, or transferred between bacteria via horizontal gene transfer. The development of antibiotic resistance poses significant challenges in treating bacterial infections and necessitates ongoing research to develop new therapeutic strategies.Intrinsic resistance occurs when bacterial...
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Microorganisms play a fundamental role in vaccine development, gene therapy, and therapeutic production. Their biological properties are harnessed to advance medicine and public health. Beyond immunization, microorganisms contribute to gut health, antibiotic synthesis, and genetic disease treatment.Live Attenuated and Inactivated VaccinesLive attenuated vaccines, such as the measles, mumps, and rubella (MMR) vaccine, utilize weakened forms of pathogens to closely resemble natural infections.
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Antibiotic Stewardship: A Decade of Progress.

Sara E Cosgrove1, Arjun Srinivasan2

  • 1Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 600 North Wolfe Street, Halsted 827, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA.

Infectious Disease Clinics of North America
|August 3, 2023
PubMed
Summary

Antibiotic stewardship programs have expanded significantly in healthcare settings. This review covers key developments in infrastructure, regulations, and outcome measurement for antibiotic use.

Keywords:
Antibiotic stewardshipAntimicrobial resistanceHospital stewardshipNursing home stewardshipOutpatient stewardship

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Area of Science:

  • Healthcare Policy
  • Infectious Disease Management
  • Public Health

Background:

  • Antibiotic stewardship has undergone significant advancements over the last ten years.
  • The infrastructure for antibiotic stewardship has expanded across hospitals, nursing homes, and outpatient settings.
  • Improving antibiotic use is now a major focus in policy, regulation, and legislation.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review significant events and developments in antibiotic stewardship across all care settings.
  • To focus on three key areas: infrastructure and implementation, requirements and regulations, and measurement of antibiotic use and outcomes.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of important events and developments in antibiotic stewardship.
  • Analysis of trends in infrastructure, policy, and measurement.
  • Synthesis of information across hospital, nursing home, and ambulatory settings.

Main Results:

  • Significant growth in antibiotic stewardship infrastructure across diverse healthcare environments.
  • Antibiotic use has become a central issue in high-level policy discussions, regulations, and legislation.
  • Increased focus on the measurement of antibiotic use and associated outcomes.

Conclusions:

  • Antibiotic stewardship has matured substantially, becoming integral to healthcare.
  • Continued development in infrastructure, regulation, and measurement is crucial for effective antibiotic use.
  • Policy and legislative efforts are increasingly supporting antibiotic stewardship initiatives.