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Updated: Jul 20, 2025
The Role of Indocyanine Green Fluorescence in Complex Laparoscopic Cholecystectomy Navigation
Published on: January 31, 2025
Near-infrared fluorescence cholangiography in dogs: A pilot study
Philippe Chagnon Larose1, Brigitte A Brisson1, Andrea Sanchez1
1Department of Clinical Studies, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada.
Objective:
To determine the effect of indocyanine green (ICG) dose and timing of administration on near-infrared fluorescence (NIRF) imaging of the normal canine biliary tree.
Study Design:
Preclinical prospective study.
Animals:
Eight purpose-bred beagles.
Methods:
The dogs were randomized to receive two of four intravenous ICG dose (low [L]:0.05 mg/kg or high [H]:0.25 mg/kg)/time (0 and 3 h prior to NIRF) combinations. NIRF images were collected every 10 min for 120 min. Target (cystic duct)-to-background (liver) ratios were calculated for all timepoints and compared.
Results:
ICG cholangiography was successful in all dogs. The contrast ratio was above 1 in the L0 group by 20 min and reached its peak at 100 min. In the H0 group, the ratio was above 1 by 60 min and reached its peak at 90 min. Contrast ratios above 2 (fluorescence twice as bright in the cystic duct compared to the liver) were maintained from 180 to 300 min for L3 and H3 and was achieved after 80 min for L0.
Conclusion:
Low dose ICG provided better ratios early after injection compared to the high dose which remained highly concentrated in the liver tissue after injection. Both doses provided excellent visualization of the biliary tree at 3 h post injection, low dose ICG provided better ratios from 3 to 5 h post injection. Based on these results, 0.05 mg/kg of ICG administered at anesthetic premedication, or as early as 3 h prior to laparoscopic surgery should yield optimal fluorescence images.
Clinical Significance:
This study provides guidelines for NIRF cholangiography in clinically normal dogs.
