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Diabetes: Management and Pharmacotherapy01:15

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The therapy for diabetes aims to alleviate hyperglycemia-related symptoms, prevent acute metabolic decompensation, and reduce chronic end-organ complications. Glycemic control is evaluated through short-term (self-monitoring, continuous glucose monitoring) and long-term (A1c, fructosamine) metrics, enabling near real-time tracking of blood glucose levels and reflecting glycemic control over specific time frames.
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Diabetes Mellitus: Type 2 and Gestational01:22

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Type 2 diabetes, characterized by insulin resistance, arises when the insulin receptors on cells lose responsiveness to insulin, diminishing the cell's capacity to take up glucose, resulting in elevated blood glucose levels. To receive a diagnosis of Type 2 diabetes, a series of blood glucose tests are necessary to assess whether the blood glucose falls within normal parameters. If the result is out of the normal range, a patient may be diagnosed as prediabetic or diabetic, depending on the...
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Insulin-replacement therapy usually includes both long-acting insulin (basal) and short-acting insulin (to cater to postprandial needs). In a diverse group of type 1 diabetes patients, the average daily insulin dose is typically 0.5-0.7 units/kg body weight. However, obese patients and pubertal adolescents may need more due to insulin resistance.
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Diabetes: Symptoms, Diagnosis, and Complications01:15

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For most patients, experiencing several weeks of polyuria, polydipsia, fatigue, and significant weight loss may indicate the presence of diabetes. Furthermore, adults displaying the phenotypic appearance of type 2 diabetes (particularly those who are obese and not initially insulin-requiring), may have islet cell autoantibodies, suggesting autoimmune-mediated β cell destruction and a diagnosis of latent autoimmune diabetes of adults (LADA). The categorization of glucose homeostasis is...
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Precision Medicine in Type 1 Diabetes.

Dominika A Michalek1, Suna Onengut-Gumuscu1,2, David R Repaske3

  • 1Center for Public Health Genomics, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA USA.

Journal of the Indian Institute of Science
|August 4, 2023
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Precision medicine offers new ways to diagnose, prevent, and treat type 1 diabetes. Integrating these approaches requires collaboration among researchers, patients, and healthcare providers to reduce the disease burden.

Keywords:
Precision diagnosticsPrecision medicinePrecision monitoringPrecision preventionPrecision prognosticsPrecision therapeuticsType 1 diabetes

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Area of Science:

  • Immunology
  • Endocrinology
  • Genetics

Background:

  • Type 1 diabetes is an autoimmune disease targeting pancreatic beta cells, necessitating insulin therapy.
  • Genetic susceptibility and environmental triggers initiate T cell-mediated autoimmunity.
  • Islet autoantibodies indicate disease development, with multiple antibodies correlating to higher progression risk.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To discuss the applications of precision medicine in type 1 diabetes.
  • To highlight opportunities and barriers for global implementation of precision medicine strategies.
  • To emphasize the need for collaborative efforts in managing type 1 diabetes.

Main Methods:

  • Review of current understanding of type 1 diabetes pathogenesis.
  • Analysis of the 'staging' model for type 1 diabetes.
  • Discussion of precision medicine applications in diagnosis, prevention, prognosis, treatment, and monitoring.

Main Results:

  • A staging model (Stage 1-3) based on autoantibodies and glucose levels aids in understanding disease progression.
  • Precision medicine offers tailored approaches for type 1 diabetes management.
  • Implementation challenges exist, but progress has been made by several research groups.

Conclusions:

  • Precision medicine holds significant potential for transforming type 1 diabetes care.
  • Overcoming implementation barriers requires a multidisciplinary approach involving all stakeholders.
  • Collaborative efforts are crucial to reduce the global burden of type 1 diabetes.