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Related Concept Videos

Tumor Immunotherapy01:27

Tumor Immunotherapy

557
Immunotherapy is a treatment that boosts or manipulates the immune system to fight diseases, including cancer. For instance, by stimulating an immune response through vaccinations against viruses that cause cancers, like hepatitis B virus and human papillomavirus, these diseases can be prevented. Nonetheless, some cancer cells can avoid the immune system due to their rapid mutation and division. The immune response to many cancers involves three phases: elimination, equilibrium, and escape.
557
Cancer Vaccines01:30

Cancer Vaccines

403
Cancer treatment vaccines are a rapidly evolving field that offers a promising approach to immunotherapy. Unlike traditional vaccines that prevent diseases, cancer treatment vaccines are designed to treat existing cancers by stimulating the immune system to recognize and attack cancer cells.
Cancer vaccines come in two categories: preventive (prophylactic) and treatment (active). Preventive vaccines, such as the Human Papillomavirus (HPV) vaccine, protect against viruses that cause certain...
403
Targeted Cancer Therapies02:57

Targeted Cancer Therapies

7.7K
The targeted cancer therapies, also known as “molecular targeted therapies,” take advantage of the molecular and genetic differences between the cancer cells and the normal cells. It needs a thorough understanding of the cancer cells to develop drugs that can target specific molecular aspects that drive the growth, progression, and spread of cancer cells without affecting the growth and survival of other normal cells in the body.
There are several types of targeted therapies against...
7.7K
Cancer Therapies02:49

Cancer Therapies

7.7K
Cancer therapies are various modes of treatment, such as surgery, radiation therapy, and chemotherapy that are administered to cancer patients.
However, cancer treatments can pose several challenges, as therapies used to kill cancer cells are generally also toxic to normal cells. Moreover, cancer cells mutate rapidly and can develop resistance to chemical agents or radiation therapy. Besides, all types of cancer cells may not respond to the same therapy. Some cancer cells respond to one...
7.7K
Combination Therapies and Personalized Medicine02:50

Combination Therapies and Personalized Medicine

4.9K
Combining two or more treatment methods increases the life span of cancer patients while reducing damage to vital organs or tissue from the overuse of a single treatment. Combination therapy also targets different cancer-inducing pathways, thus reducing the chances of developing resistance to treatment.
The combination of the drug acetazolamide and sulforaphane is a good example of combination therapy to treat cancer. The cells in the interior of a large tumor often die due to the hypoxic and...
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Treatment Resistant Cancers02:56

Treatment Resistant Cancers

3.3K
Cancer is the second leading cause of death in the United States. A cancer cell is genetically unstable and hence can mutate faster. They can also modify their microenvironment and escape immune surveillance. The difficulties in treating cancer are further compounded by the emergence of rapid resistance to anticancer drugs. The most common ways to attain resistance in cancer cells include alteration in drug transport and metabolism, modification of drug target, elevated DNA damage response, or...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 20, 2025

Analysis of Human T Cell Activity in an Allogeneic Co-Culture Setting of Pre-Treated Tumor Cells
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Analysis of Human T Cell Activity in an Allogeneic Co-Culture Setting of Pre-Treated Tumor Cells

Published on: March 7, 2025

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Cancer Immunotherapy: Beyond Checkpoint Blockade.

Michael Dougan1,2, Glenn Dranoff3, Stephanie K Dougan2,4

  • 1Division of Gastroenterology and Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, USA.

Annual Review of Cancer Biology
|August 4, 2023
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Current cancer immunotherapies targeting immune checkpoints benefit only a few patients. New strategies are needed to overcome tumor-induced immunosuppression and expand durable responses for more cancer patients.

Keywords:
antitumor immunitycancercheckpoint blockadecombination therapyimmunotherapyoncogenic inflammationtoxicity

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Area of Science:

  • Oncology
  • Immunology
  • Cancer Research

Background:

  • Immune checkpoint blockade has transformed cancer treatment but benefits a minority of patients.
  • Tumors employ immunosuppressive mechanisms, often beyond current targets, limiting immunotherapy efficacy.
  • Developing novel strategies is crucial to enhance antitumor responses and achieve durable remissions.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review emerging strategies for overcoming resistance to cancer immunotherapy.
  • To explore novel targets and therapeutic approaches beyond current immune checkpoint inhibitors.
  • To identify rational methods for enhancing adaptive antitumor immunity.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of current and investigational cancer immunotherapy strategies.
  • Analysis of mechanisms of tumor-induced immunosuppression.
  • Synthesis of data on alternative immune checkpoints, cellular therapies, vaccines, and combination approaches.

Main Results:

  • Current immunotherapies achieve durable responses in a limited patient population.
  • Numerous novel strategies are under investigation, including alternative checkpoint targets, cellular therapies, vaccines, and metabolic modulation.
  • Overcoming innate immune suppression and tumor microenvironment barriers are key challenges.

Conclusions:

  • Expanding immunotherapy's reach requires addressing diverse immunosuppressive mechanisms.
  • Rational selection of novel strategies is essential for improving patient outcomes in cancer immunotherapy.
  • Future research should focus on combination therapies and targeting non-checkpoint pathways to overcome treatment resistance.