Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Brain Imaging01:14

Brain Imaging

258
Brain imaging technologies provide critical insights into both the structure and function of the human brain, enabling medical professionals and researchers to diagnose, study, and treat neurological disorders or psychiatric disorders more effectively.
These technologies include computerized axial tomography (CAT or CT scans), positron-emission tomography (PET scans),  magnetic resonance imaging (MRI),  functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), and Transcranial Magnetic...
258

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Effect of immersive virtual reality on fear, anxiety, and pain in pregnant women during vaginal examination in clinical training: a randomized controlled trial.

Scientific reports·2026
Same author

Intermittent Theta Burst Stimulation Mitigates Depressive-Like behavior in Rats Subjected to Maternal Separation.

Basic and clinical neuroscience·2026
Same author

Perceptual grouping by proximity principle in dot lattices adheres to Weber's law in the presence of orientation biases.

Journal of experimental psychology. Human perception and performance·2026
Same author

Evaluating the Efficacy of Virtual Reality Exergaming in Frozen Shoulder Rehabilitation: A Randomized Clinical Trial.

Games for health journal·2026
Same author

Bistability and hysteresis in the proximity-based grouping of dot lattices.

Scientific reports·2025
Same author

Corticospinal drive modulation to agonist and antagonist arm muscles following strength training and detraining.

Experimental brain research·2025

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 20, 2025

Assessment and Communication for People with Disorders of Consciousness
07:37

Assessment and Communication for People with Disorders of Consciousness

Published on: August 1, 2017

9.1K

Decoding the Debate: A Comparative Study of Brain-Computer Interface and Neurofeedback.

Mohammad H Mahrooz1,2, Farrokh Fattahzadeh3, Shahriar Gharibzadeh4

  • 1Shahid Beheshti Medical University, Tehran, Iran. mohamad.mahrooz@alum.sharif.edu.

Applied Psychophysiology and Biofeedback
|August 4, 2023
PubMed
Summary

Neurofeedback (NF) is a specific application of Brain-Computer Interface (BCI) technology. This study clarifies the distinction, defining NF as a subset of BCI, enhancing communication in neuroscience research.

Keywords:
BiofeedbackBrain-computer interfaceFunctional flow block diagramNeurofeedbackSystems engineering

More Related Videos

A Protocol for the Administration of Real-Time fMRI Neurofeedback Training
07:05

A Protocol for the Administration of Real-Time fMRI Neurofeedback Training

Published on: August 24, 2017

11.1K
Real-time fMRI Biofeedback Targeting the Orbitofrontal Cortex for Contamination Anxiety
10:51

Real-time fMRI Biofeedback Targeting the Orbitofrontal Cortex for Contamination Anxiety

Published on: January 20, 2012

21.4K

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jul 20, 2025

Assessment and Communication for People with Disorders of Consciousness
07:37

Assessment and Communication for People with Disorders of Consciousness

Published on: August 1, 2017

9.1K
A Protocol for the Administration of Real-Time fMRI Neurofeedback Training
07:05

A Protocol for the Administration of Real-Time fMRI Neurofeedback Training

Published on: August 24, 2017

11.1K
Real-time fMRI Biofeedback Targeting the Orbitofrontal Cortex for Contamination Anxiety
10:51

Real-time fMRI Biofeedback Targeting the Orbitofrontal Cortex for Contamination Anxiety

Published on: January 20, 2012

21.4K

Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Biomedical Engineering
  • Human-Computer Interaction

Background:

  • The literature presents ambiguity in distinguishing between Brain-Computer Interface (BCI) and Neurofeedback (NF).
  • Existing classifications vary, with NF sometimes seen as a subset or extension of BCI, or as distinct.
  • This lack of clarity impedes scholarly communication and collaboration in related fields.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To clearly delineate the relationship between Brain-Computer Interface (BCI) and Neurofeedback (NF).
  • To resolve the ambiguity surrounding their classification and conceptualization.
  • To foster improved understanding and information exchange among researchers.

Main Methods:

  • Comparative analysis of BCI and NF based on their developmental context and system design.
  • Utilized Functional Flow Block Diagram (FFBD) for system modeling.
  • Visualized and compared inputs, functions, and outputs at a conceptual level.

Main Results:

  • Neurofeedback (NF) is identified as a subset of biofeedback requiring brain data processing.
  • The system performing these processing tasks is defined as a Brain-Computer Interface (BCI).
  • NF is conceptually a specific application within the broader BCI technological framework.

Conclusions:

  • Neurofeedback (NF) should be definitively classified as a specific application of Brain-Computer Interface (BCI) technology.
  • This clarification aims to reduce confusion and enhance interdisciplinary dialogue.
  • Establishing a clear BCI-NF relationship will facilitate future research and development.