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Treatment for a fracture is based on the type of break, the bone affected, and the patient's age.
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Fibrous joints are a type of joint where the bones are connected by fibrous connective tissue. These joints provide stability and minimal to no movement between the articulating bones. There are three types of fibrous joints.
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Concrete exhibits specific behaviors under different compressive loads. Understanding this is crucial for understanding its structural integrity. When concrete undergoes uniaxial compression, it tends to develop cracks that run parallel to the direction of the force. These parallel cracks stem from localized tensile stresses that occur perpendicular to the compression direction. Additionally, angled cracks may appear due to the formation of shear planes.
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Brittle materials, including glass, cast iron, and stone, exhibit unique characteristics. They fracture without considerable change in their elongation rate, indicating that their breaking and ultimate strength are equivalent. Such materials also show lower strain levels at the point of rupture. The failure in brittle materials predominantly results from normal stresses, as evidenced by the rupture created along a surface perpendicular to the applied load. These materials do not display...
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Synovial joints are the most common type of joint in the body. A key structural characteristic for a synovial joint is the presence of a joint cavity. This fluid-filled space is where the articulating surfaces of the bones contact each other. Also, unlike fibrous or cartilaginous joints, the articulating bone surfaces at a synovial joint are not directly connected to each other with fibrous connective tissue or cartilage. This gives the bones of a synovial joint the ability to move smoothly...
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Normal strain under axial loading is an important concept in the field of mechanics of materials. Axial loading implies the application of a force along the axis of a material, like a column or bar. This force can either compress or stretch the material. In the context of axial loading, normal strain is the deformation experienced by the material in the direction of the loading force. It's calculated as the change in length divided by the original length of the material. This unitless ratio...
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Updated: Jul 20, 2025

Imaging of the Microstructural Failure Mechanism in the Human Hip
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Chance Fracture Pattern Presenting in Proximal Junctional Failure.

Shea M Comadoll1, Kenneth J Holton, David W Polly

  • 1From the Department of Orthopedic Surgery (Dr. Comadoll, Dr. Holton, Dr. Polly, Mr. Schmitz, Dr. Haselhuhn, Dr. Soriano, Dr. Martin, and Dr. Sembrano) and the Department of Neurosurgery (Dr. Polly and Dr. Jones), University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN.

Journal of the American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons. Global Research & Reviews
|August 4, 2023
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Proximal junctional failure can occur as a Chance-type fracture after adult spinal deformity surgery. Risk factors include overcorrection of lumbar lordosis and specific upper instrumented vertebra (UIV) choices.

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Area of Science:

  • Spinal surgery
  • Orthopedic surgery
  • Radiology

Background:

  • Proximal junctional failure (PJF) is a complication after spinal fusion.
  • Chance-type fractures are a rare cause of PJF.

Observation:

  • This case series reviewed 15 patients with PJF due to Chance-type fractures after spinal fusion for adult spinal deformity.
  • No antecedent trauma was reported.
  • Overcorrection of lumbar lordosis and specific upper instrumented vertebra (UIV) selection were noted.

Findings:

  • The average age was 61.4 years, and fractures were identified a mean of 25.4 days post-operatively.
  • 14 of 15 patients required extension of fusion.
  • Salvage involved changing pedicle screw trajectory.

Implications:

  • Suspicion for Chance-type fractures should be raised with specific radiographic findings (increased proximal junctional angle, pedicle widening).
  • CT scans are recommended for diagnosis.
  • Risk factors include low bone density, lordosis overcorrection, and UIV selection in corrected thoracolumbar kyphosis.