Road Narrow-Inspired Strain Concentration to Wide-Range-Tunable Gauge Factor of Ionic Hydrogel Strain Sensor

The application of stretchable strain sensors in human movement recognition, health monitoring, and soft robotics has attracted wide attention. Compared with traditional electronic conductors, stretchable ionic hydrogels are more attractive to organization-like soft electronic devices yet suffer poor sensitivity due to limited ion conduction modulation caused by their intrinsic soft chain network. This paper proposes a strategy to modulate ion transport behavior by geometry-induced strain concentration to adjust and improve the sensitivity of ionic hydrogel-based strain sensors (IHSS). Inspired by the phenomenon of vehicles slowing down and changing lanes when the road narrows, the strain redistribution of ionic hydrogel is optimized by structural and mechanical parameters to produce a strain-induced resistance boost. As a result, the gauge factor of the IHSS is continuously tunable from 1.31 to 9.21 in the strain range of 0-100%, which breaks through the theoretical limit of homogeneous strain-distributed ionic hydrogels and ensures a linear electromechanical response simultaneously. Overall, this study offers a universal route to modulate the ion transport behavior of ionic hydrogels mechanically, resulting in a tunable sensitivity for IHSS to better serve different application scenarios, such as health monitoring and human-machine interface.