Hydrogel bioreactor drives Feammox and synergistically removes composite pollutants: Performance optimization,...

Mixed pollutant wastewater has been a difficult problem due to the high toxicity of water bodies and the difficulty of treatment. Rice husk biochar modified with nano-iron tetroxide (RBC-nFe₃O₄) by polyvinyl alcohol cross-linking internal doping was used to introduce iron-reducing bacteria Klebsiella sp. FC61 to construct a bioreactor. The results of the long-term operation of the bioreactor showed that the removal efficiency of ammonia nitrogen (NH₄⁺-N) and chemical oxygen demand best reached 90.18 and 98.49%, respectively. In addition, in the co-presence of Ni²⁺, Cd²⁺, and ciprofloxacin, the bioreactor was still able to remove pollutants efficiently by RBC-nFe₃O₄ and bio-iron precipitation inside the biocarrier. During the long-term operation, Klebsiella was always the dominant species in the bioreactor. And the sequencing data for functional prediction showed that the biocarrier contained a variety of enzymes and proteins involved in Feammox-related activities to ensure the stable and efficient operation of the bioreactor.