Induction of early breeding in red deer (Cervus elaphus) by melatonin

Lactating (N = 12) and non-lactating (N = 6) red deer hinds and one stag at pasture were given concentrates (500 g/head) containing melatonin (5 mg/head) daily at 16:00 h from 18 June to 16 October. The stag shed the antler velvet and started rutting 5 weeks ahead of untreated stags, and hinds had their first oestrus and ovulation of the breeding season in mid-September, 5 weeks in advance of control lactating (N = 9) and non-lactating (N = 5) hinds. Treated hinds were allowed to mate with the treated stag and control hinds ran in an adjacent paddock with an untreated stag. All hinds became pregnant during the study with all but 2 melatonin-fed hinds (1 lactating, 1 non-lactating) and 1 control hind (lactating) conceiving at the first oestrus. Melatonin-treated hinds lost slightly more live weight than did controls from June to November, but their suckled calves grew throughout at a rate similar to those of control hinds.