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Ethics in Research

Ethics in Research

Today, scientists agree that good research is ethical in nature and is guided by a basic respect for human dignity and safety. However, this has not always been the case. Modern researchers must demonstrate that the research they perform is ethically sound.

Systematic Error: Methodological and Sampling Errors

Systematic Error: Methodological and Sampling Errors

In the case of systematic errors, the sources can be identified, and the errors can be subsequently minimized by addressing these sources. According to the source, systematic errors can be divided into sampling, instrumental, methodological, and personal errors.
Sampling errors originate from improper sampling methods or the wrong sample population. These errors can be minimized by refining the sampling strategy. Defective instruments or faulty calibrations are the sources of instrumental...

Bias

Bias

Bias refers to any tendency that prevents a question from being considered unprejudiced. In research, bias occurs when one outcome or answer is selected or encouraged over others in sampling or testing. Bias can occur during any research phase, including study design, data collection, analysis, and publication.
In statistics, a sampling bias is created when a sample is collected from a population, and some members of the population are not as likely to be chosen as others (remember, each member...

Accuracy and Errors in Hypothesis Testing

Accuracy and Errors in Hypothesis Testing

Hypothesis testing is a fundamental statistical tool that begins with the assumption that the null hypothesis H0 is true. During this process, two types of errors can occur: Type I and Type II. A Type I error refers to the incorrect rejection of a true null hypothesis, while a Type II error involves the failure to reject a false null hypothesis.
In hypothesis testing, the probability of making a Type I error, denoted as α, is commonly set at 0.05. This significance level indicates a 5%...

Mismatch Repair

Mismatch Repair

Errors In Hypothesis Tests

Errors In Hypothesis Tests

When performing a hypothesis test, there are four possible outcomes depending on the actual truth (or falseness) of the null hypothesis and the decision to reject or not.

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Findings of Research Misconduct.

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 19, 2025

An Open Source Technology Platform to Manufacture Hydrogel-Based 3D Culture Models in an Automated and Standardized Fashion

An Open Source Technology Platform to Manufacture Hydrogel-Based 3D Culture Models in an Automated and Standardized Fashion

Published on: March 31, 2022

Erratum: Findings of Research Misconduct; Correction

Federal Register

|August 7, 2023

Summary

This study corrects a previous publication. The correction ensures accuracy in the scientific record for future research.

Area of Science:

Scientific publishing
Research integrity

Context:

Ensuring the accuracy of published scientific literature is crucial.
Corrections are necessary to maintain the integrity of research findings.

Purpose:

To provide a formal correction to a previously published article.
To rectify an error on page 60097 of volume 2019.

Summary:

A correction has been issued for an article published in 2019.
The correction pertains to specific content on page 60097.

Impact:

Maintains the reliability of the scientific literature.
Supports accurate citation and future research based on corrected data.

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