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Related Concept Videos

Self-Report Tests of Personality01:22

Self-Report Tests of Personality

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Self-report inventories are objective personality assessments that use multiple-choice items or numbered scales, typically ranging from 1 (strongly disagree) to 5 (strongly agree). They are often called Likert scales after Rensis Likert. These inventories are widely used due to their ease of administration and cost-effectiveness. One of the most prominent examples is the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI), initially developed in the 1940s to assess abnormal personality traits.
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Reliability and validity are two important considerations that must be made with any type of data collection. Reliability refers to the ability to consistently produce a given result. In the context of psychological research, this would mean that any instruments or tools used to collect data do so in consistent, reproducible ways.
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Often, psychologists develop surveys as a means of gathering data. Surveys are lists of questions to be answered by research participants, and can be delivered as paper-and-pencil questionnaires, administered electronically, or conducted verbally. Generally, the survey itself can be completed in a short time, and the ease of administering a survey makes it easy to collect data from a large number of people.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 19, 2025

Psychophysiological Assessment of the Effectiveness of Emotion Regulation Strategies in Childhood
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Session Reactions Scale-3: Initial psychometric evidence.

Tomáš Řiháček1, Robert Elliott2, Jesse Owen3

  • 1Faculty of Social Studies, Department of Psychology, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic.

Psychotherapy Research : Journal of the Society for Psychotherapy Research
|August 7, 2023
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

The new Session Reactions Scale-3-Brief (SRS-3-B) effectively captures client feedback on therapy sessions. This brief, reliable measure aids in measurement-based care (MBC) by assessing helpful and hindering session aspects.

Keywords:
client experiencemeasurement-based carepsychotherapy outcomespsychotherapy processroutine outcome monitoringsession rating

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Area of Science:

  • Psychological Assessment
  • Clinical Psychology
  • Therapeutic Process Research

Background:

  • Systematic client feedback is crucial for effective measurement-based care (MBC).
  • Existing post-session measures may lack brevity or comprehensive psychometric validation.
  • Developing updated, brief instruments is essential for routine clinical practice and research.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop and validate an updated, brief self-report measure for client session reactions.
  • To create a tool suitable for systematic feedback collection within the MBC framework.
  • To assess the psychometric properties of the Session Reactions Scale-3-Brief (SRS-3-B).

Main Methods:

  • Development of the Session Reactions Scale-3 (SRS-3) followed by creation of a brief version (SRS-3-B).
  • Psychometric testing of the SRS-3 and SRS-3-B across three studies with a total of 507 clients.
  • Exploratory factor analysis and correlation with another process measure (Individual Therapy Process Questionnaire).

Main Results:

  • The SRS-3-B demonstrated strong psychometric properties, functioning as a two-factor or unidimensional instrument.
  • Exploratory factor analysis supported the SRS-3-B's structure for assessing helpful and hindering reactions or overall session evaluation.
  • The SRS-3-B showed meaningful relationships with an existing therapy process measure.

Conclusions:

  • The SRS-3-B is a reliable and clinically meaningful process measure for client feedback in MBC.
  • This brief scale can be utilized in clinical settings for immediate feedback and in research to evaluate therapy sessions.
  • The SRS-3-B facilitates the assessment of both beneficial and detrimental aspects of therapy sessions.