Recent Insights into Pregnancy and Lactation-Associated Osteoporosis (PLO)

During pregnancy and lactation, female physiology adapts to fulfill the fetal and neonatal calcium and phosphorus requirements. The physiological changes that take place during these periods do not affect maternal skeleton resistance to fracture in most of the cases. However, there is a small percentage of women that do experience fragility fractures during these times of life. Pregnancy and lactation-associated osteoporosis (PLO) is an infrequent condition defined by the occurrence of non-traumatic fractures - most frequently vertebral - during the third trimester of gestation and/or the first months of postpartum. Its physiopathology has not yet been completely elucidated. Several authors have reported that risk factors for secondary osteoporosis might be present in up to 80% of the cases of PLO patients. According to recent studies, genetic factors might also play a relevant role in PLO. Given its rarity, the available literature on this condition is limited. Most of the published data consist on case reports and case series articles. There are not any randomized controlled trials regarding this disorder. Although there is consensus about discontinuation of lactation and calcium and vitamin D supplementation as the first steps in the treatment of these patients, there is still controversy regarding the long-term and/or pharmacological management of this condition. Recent data on the use of teriparatide in this population looks promising. In this review, we aimed to revise and summarize current knowledge about the physiopathology and management of PLO.