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Dipeptidyl peptidase 4 (DPP-4) is a serine protease widely distributed in the body. It's involved in the inactivation of GLP-1 and GIP hormones, which are crucial for insulin regulation. DPP-4 inhibitors, such as sitagliptin (Januvia), saxagliptin (Onglyza), linagliptin (Tradjenta), alogliptin (Nesina), and vildagliptin (Galvus), help increase the proportion of active GLP-1, enhancing insulin secretion. These inhibitors work by competitively binding to DPP-4. This binding causes a...
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The pancreatic islets comprising only 1%-2% of the volume are highly vascularized and innervated mini-organs. They contain five endocrine cell types, including β cells that secrete insulin, which is synthesized as a single polypeptide chain, preproinsulin, processed to proinsulin, and finally to insulin and C-peptide. This process is complex and regulated, involving the Golgi complex, the endoplasmic reticulum, and the secretory granules of the β cell.
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Updated: Jul 19, 2025

Live Images of GLUT4 Protein Trafficking in Mouse Primary Hypothalamic Neurons Using Deconvolution Microscopy
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Incretins beyond type 2 diabetes.

Chantal Mathieu1, Iraj Ahmadzai2

  • 1Department of Endocrinology, UZ Gasthuisberg, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium. chantal.mathieu@uzleuven.be.

Diabetologia
|August 8, 2023
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) receptor agonists added to insulin therapy in type 1 diabetes can reduce weight and insulin needs. However, effects on glucose control and hypoglycemia vary by study, with gastrointestinal side effects being common.

Keywords:
GLP-1 receptor agonistsGlucose controlIncretinsMonogenic diabetesReviewType 1 diabetesWeight

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Area of Science:

  • Endocrinology
  • Metabolic Diseases
  • Pharmacology

Background:

  • Incretin-based therapies, specifically GLP-1 receptor agonists, have been explored for various diabetes types.
  • Randomized controlled trials (RCTs) primarily focus on individuals with type 1 diabetes.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review evidence from RCTs on GLP-1 receptor agonists in type 1 diabetes.
  • To discuss clinical implications and data interpretation challenges.
  • To explore potential use in other diabetes forms.

Main Methods:

  • Systematic review of randomized controlled trials.
  • Analysis of data concerning weight, insulin dose, glucose control (HbA1c), and hypoglycemia.
  • Assessment of reported side effects.

Main Results:

  • GLP-1 receptor agonists, when added to insulin therapy in type 1 diabetes, led to reduced weight and insulin requirements compared to placebo.
  • Impacts on glycemic control (HbA1c) and hypoglycemia risk were variable, depending on study-specific protocols.
  • Common side effects included gastrointestinal issues like nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea.

Conclusions:

  • GLP-1 receptor agonists demonstrate benefits in weight and insulin dose reduction for type 1 diabetes patients on intensive insulin therapy.
  • Glucose control efficacy is protocol-dependent, necessitating careful interpretation of trial data.
  • Evidence for GLP-1 receptor agonist use in other diabetes types is currently limited.