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Related Concept Videos

Secondary Active Transport01:32

Secondary Active Transport

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One example of how cells use the energy contained in electrochemical gradients is demonstrated by glucose transport into cells. The ion vital to this process is sodium (Na+), which is typically present in higher concentrations extracellularly than in the cytosol. Such a concentration difference is due, in part, to the action of an enzyme "pump" embedded in the cellular membrane that actively expels Na+ from a cell. Importantly, as this pump contributes to the high concentration of...
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Primary Active Transport01:29

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In contrast to passive transport, active transport involves a substance being moved through membranes in a direction against its concentration or electrochemical gradient. There are two types of active transport: primary active transport and secondary active transport. Primary active transport utilizes chemical energy from ATP to drive protein pumps embedded in the cell membrane. With energy from ATP, the pumps transport ions against their electrochemical gradients—a direction they would...
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Active Transport01:14

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Active transport is a critical biological process that allows cells to move solutes against an electrochemical gradient. This process requires direct energy input and is characterized by its selectivity, saturability, and susceptibility to competitive inhibition.
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Certain large, lipid-insoluble drug molecules that resemble amino acids, peptides, or glucose, require specialized carrier proteins to facilitate their diffusion across cell membranes. This transport can occur through either facilitated diffusion, which does not require energy input, or active transport, which does require energy input.
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ATP Driven Pumps I: An Overview01:27

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ATP-driven pumps, also known as transport ATPases, are integral membrane proteins. They have binding sites for ATP located on the membrane's cytosolic side and the ion-conducting domain in the transmembrane region. These pumps use the free energy released from ATP hydrolysis to move the solutes across cell membranes against an electrochemical gradient.
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Membrane Transporters01:31

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Transporters are essential membrane transport proteins with functions related to cell nutrition, homeostasis, communication, etc. Approximately 7% of all genes in the human genome code for transporters or transporter-related proteins.
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Introduction to Solid Supported Membrane Based Electrophysiology
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Light-Driven Chloride and Sulfate Pump with Two Different Transport Modes.

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A novel light-driven chloride pump, AaClR, demonstrates unusual ion transport. Sulfate ions are pumped without binding to the resting state, similar to the KR2 sodium pump.

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Area of Science:

  • Biochemistry
  • Structural Biology
  • Membrane Transport

Background:

  • Ion pumps are essential membrane proteins that utilize energy for ion translocation.
  • Typically, ion pumps bind ions in their resting state before energy input facilitates transport.
  • The light-driven sodium pump KR2 exhibits an unusual mechanism where ion binding follows energy input.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the transport mechanism of the NTQ rhodopsin from Alteribacter aurantiacus (AaClR), a light-driven chloride pump.
  • To determine if AaClR exhibits the unusual ion transport mode observed in KR2, where ion binding occurs after energy input.
  • To explore AaClR's ability to pump sulfate ions and elucidate the underlying molecular mechanism.

Main Methods:

  • Spectroscopic analysis to investigate ion binding.
  • Flash photolysis to study photocycle dynamics.
  • Difference Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy to detect transient ion binding.

Main Results:

  • AaClR functions as a light-driven chloride pump, with chloride binding to the resting state.
  • AaClR can also pump sulfate ions, albeit with lower efficiency.
  • Spectroscopic analysis indicated no sulfate ion binding to the resting state, suggesting binding is not required for transport.
  • Photocycle dynamics of the sulfate pump resemble a non-functional cycle without anions, yet transient sulfate binding was detected.

Conclusions:

  • AaClR exhibits an unusual active transport mechanism for sulfate ions, where substrate binding to the resting state is not necessary.
  • This sulfate transport mechanism in AaClR is analogous to that of the KR2 sodium pump.
  • The findings provide insights into diverse molecular mechanisms of active ion transport in membrane proteins.