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Published on: August 27, 2019
Infection of bats with Histoplasma species
Harish C Gugnani1, David W Denning2
1Professor of Medical Mycology (Retired), Department of Microbiology, Vallabhbhai Patel Chest Institute, University of Delhi, Delhi, India.
Abstract:
Histoplasma species infect humans and animals, notably bats. Histoplasma species are thermally dimorphic fungi existing in mycelial form in the natural environment and in yeast form in infected tissues. In this narrative literature review, we summarize the occurrence of Histoplasma spp. in different species of bat tissues (n = 49) and in soil admixed with bat guano where the species of bat dwelling nearby has been identified (an additional 18 species likely infected) to provide an up-to-date summary of data. Most positive isolations are from the Americas and Caribbean, with some studies from Thailand, Malaysia, Nigeria, Slovenia, France, and Australia. We also summarize some of the early experimental work to elucidate pathogenicity, latency, immune response, and faecal excretion in bats. Given the recent recognition of the global extent of histoplasmosis, thermal dimorphism in Histoplasma spp., and global heating, additional work on understanding the complex relationship between Histoplasma and bats is desirable.
Insights
Histoplasma fungi, found in bats and soil, cause histoplasmosis. This review details their global presence in bat species and guano, highlighting the need for further research.
Area of Science:
- Mycology
- Veterinary Medicine
- Infectious Diseases
Background:
- Histoplasma species are thermally dimorphic fungi that infect humans and animals, particularly bats.
- These fungi exist as mycelia in the environment and yeasts in infected tissues, causing histoplasmosis.
- Bats are a significant reservoir for Histoplasma spp., with infections documented across various species.
Approach:
- This narrative literature review synthesizes data on Histoplasma occurrence in bat tissues and associated guano soil.
- It examines 49 bat tissue studies and 18 soil/guano studies, identifying bat species.
- The review also summarizes early experimental research on fungal pathogenicity, latency, immune responses, and shedding in bats.
Key Points:
- Histoplasma infections in bats are reported globally, with a high prevalence in the Americas and Caribbean.
- Isolations have also been documented in Thailand, Malaysia, Nigeria, Slovenia, France, and Australia.
- The thermal dimorphism of Histoplasma and its association with bats are critical factors in disease transmission.
Conclusions:
- Understanding the complex relationship between Histoplasma and bats is crucial, especially with the increasing global recognition of histoplasmosis.
- Factors like global heating may influence the geographic distribution and prevalence of Histoplasma.
- Further research is essential to elucidate the dynamics of Histoplasma infection, latency, and transmission in bat populations.
