Developing Bioactive Dental Resins for Restorative Dentistry

Despite its reputation as the most widely used restorative dental material currently, resin-based materials have acknowledged shortcomings. As most systematic survival studies of resin composites and dental adhesives indicate, secondary caries is the foremost reason for resin-based restoration failure and life span reduction. In subjects with high caries risk, the microbial community dominated by acidogenic and acid-tolerant bacteria triggers acid-induced deterioration of the bonding interface and/or bulk material and mineral loss around the restorations. In addition, resin-based materials undergo biodegradation in the oral cavity. As a result, the past decades have seen exponential growth in developing restorative dental materials for antimicrobial applications addressing secondary caries prevention and progression. Currently, the main challenge of bioactive resin development is the identification of efficient and safe anticaries agents that are detrimental free to final material properties and show satisfactory long-term performance and favorable clinical translation. This review centers on the continuous efforts to formulate novel bioactive resins employing 1 or multiple agents to enhance the antibiofilm efficacy or achieve multiple functionalities, such as remineralization and antimicrobial activity antidegradation. We present a comprehensive synthesis of the constraints and challenges encountered in the formulation process, the clinical performance-related prerequisites, the materials' intended applicability, and the current advancements in clinical implementation. Moreover, we identify crucial vulnerabilities that arise during the development of dental materials, including particle aggregation, alterations in color, susceptibility to hydrolysis, and loss of physicomechanical core properties of the targeted materials.