Cardiovascular diseases in women: a differentiated view and risk stratification

Area of Science:

• Cardiology and Women's Health

Background:

• Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) are the primary cause of mortality worldwide for both men and women.
• In women, CVD prevalence and mortality rise post-menopause, with reproductive age complications like preeclampsia and eclampsia contributing to lifelong cardiovascular risk.
• Coronary ischemic disease, driven by atherosclerosis, is the leading cause of death globally and in Brazil.

Purpose of the Study:

• To highlight the importance of understanding prevalent cardiovascular diseases in women.
• To identify traditional and under-recognized risk factors specific to women.
• To emphasize the need for tailored risk stratification, diagnosis, and management to reduce female cardiovascular mortality.

Main Methods:

• This study reviews existing literature on cardiovascular disease mechanisms and risk factors in women.
• It analyzes the pathophysiological differences in myocardial ischemia between men and women.
• Focuses on the impact of anatomical and hormonal characteristics across women's lifespans.

Main Results:

• Atherosclerotic disease is a primary mechanism, but women experience additional ischemia causes like microcirculation disease and vasospasm.
• Reproductive health issues significantly elevate long-term cardiovascular risk in women.
• Specific risk factors, both traditional and overlooked, play a crucial role in women's cardiovascular health.

Conclusions:

• Comprehensive knowledge of women-specific cardiovascular diseases and risk factors is crucial for effective management.
• Addressing unique pathophysiological mechanisms in women is essential for reducing mortality.
• Tailored strategies for risk stratification and diagnosis are fundamental to improving cardiovascular outcomes in women.