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Related Concept Videos

Compacting Factor test01:22

Compacting Factor test

189
The compacting factor test is a method used to assess the workability of concrete. It is  especially suitable for concrete mixes containing aggregates up to one and a half inches in size. This test involves specialized equipment consisting of two truncated cone-shaped hoppers and a cylinder, all with polished interior surfaces to minimize friction.
The procedure begins by placing concrete into the upper hopper without any compaction. Once filled, the bottom door of this hopper is opened,...
189
Measurement of Air Content in Concrete01:23

Measurement of Air Content in Concrete

186
Air content measurement in concrete is critical for ensuring structural integrity and durability of concrete structures, especially in environments prone to severe weather conditions. Accurate air content analysis optimizes concrete's resistance to freeze-thaw cycles and enhances its workability and strength. Several methods are standardized under ASTM guidelines to measure the air content in fresh concrete, each suitable for different concrete types and conditions.
The pressure method,...
186
Aggregate Cement Ratio01:21

Aggregate Cement Ratio

269
The Aggregate Cement ratio refers to the weight of aggregate divided by the weight of cement in a concrete mix. Altering this ratio has profound effects on the concrete's properties. This ratio plays a pivotal role in determining the strength, workability, and durability of concrete. When the Aggregate Cement ratio is higher, the mix is leaner, meaning it has less cement paste to lubricate the aggregate, potentially making the concrete less workable. Such mixes, known as lean, enhance the...
269
Carbonation Shrinkage01:24

Carbonation Shrinkage

165
Atmospheric CO2 penetrates the concrete's pores and, in the presence of moisture, forms carbonic acid, which then reacts with calcium hydroxide in the hydrated cement, forming calcium carbonate. This process reduces the concrete's volume and is termed carbonation shrinkage.
The concrete's permeability is slightly reduced as calcium carbonate produced during the reaction fills its pores. Furthermore, its strength is slightly enhanced as the water released during the reaction...
165

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 19, 2025

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Extensible carbon emission factor database: empirical study for the Chinese construction industry.

Kun Lu1, Xueyuan Deng2,3, Yubing Zhang4

  • 1School of Naval Architecture, Ocean & Civil Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China.

Environmental Science and Pollution Research International
|August 9, 2023
PubMed
Summary

This study introduces a method to build an extensible carbon emission factor (CEF) database for construction projects. The developed database offers 646 CEFs for the Chinese construction industry, aiding accurate carbon accounting.

Keywords:
Carbon emission factorChinaConstruction and building industryExtendable processLife cycle assessment

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Area of Science:

  • Environmental Science
  • Civil Engineering
  • Sustainable Construction

Background:

  • Existing carbon emission factor (CEF) databases lack comprehensive data for complex construction resources.
  • Accurate carbon emission calculation in construction necessitates a robust and extensible CEF database.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To propose a method for establishing an extensible CEF database tailored for the construction industry.
  • To address the deficiency of a detailed CEF database for China's construction sector.
  • To facilitate the development of similar databases in developing nations.

Main Methods:

  • A three-step method: data collection and parsing, data extension (supply chain and accounting perspectives), and data encoding/storage.
  • Development of an extensible carbon emission factor database for the Chinese construction industry (CEFD for CCI).

Main Results:

  • The CEFD for CCI database contains 646 CEFs across energy, human, material, machinery, and greenspace categories.
  • The proposed method enables the expansion, encoding, and storage of new resources for improved computer accessibility.

Conclusions:

  • The developed method provides a framework for creating expandable CEF databases, crucial for accurate carbon emission calculations in construction.
  • The open-access CEFD for CCI supports carbon management and promotes sustainable practices in the Chinese construction industry.
  • This approach is adaptable for developing and less developed countries seeking to enhance their carbon accounting capabilities.