Fish-Wearable Piezoelectric Nanogenerator for Dual-Modal Energy Scavenging from Fish-Tailing

Aiming to develop a self-powered bioelectric tag for fish behavioral studies, here we present a fish-wearable piezoelectric nanogenerator (FWPNG) that can simultaneously harvest the strain energy and the flow impact energy caused by fish-tailing. The FWPNG is fabricated by transferring a 2 μm-thick Nb_0.02-Pb(Zr_0.6Ti_0.4)O₃ (PZT) layer from a silicon substrate to a spin-coated polyimide film via a novel zinc oxide (ZnO) release process. The open-circuit voltage of the strain energy harvester reaches 2.3 V under a strain of 1% at an ultra-low frequency of 1 Hz, and output voltage of the impact energy harvester reaches a 0.3 V under a pressure of 82.6 kPa at 1 Hz, which is in good agreement with our theoretical analysis. As a proof-of-concept demonstration, an event-driven underwater acoustic transmitter is developed by utilizing the FWPNG as a trigger switch. Acoustic transmission occurs when the amplitude of fish-tailing is larger than a preset threshold. The dual-modal FWPNG device shows the potential application in self-powered biotags for animal behavioral studies and ocean explorations.