A study of protein dynamics from anisotropy decays obtained by variable frequency phase-modulation fluorometry:...

Internal motions of melittin and its lipid complexes were studied by anisotropy decays determined by frequency-domain fluorometry. A covalent anthraniloyl probe was attached, probably to lysine-21. The emission spectra indicate that the anthraniloyl moiety is exposed to solvent in both monomeric and tetrameric forms and is present at the lipid-water interfacial region in the lipid complexes. The fluorescence intensity decay of melittin in solution and its lipid complexes was characterized by three lifetimes. The lifetimes were near 1-2 ns, 6-7 ns and 10 ns. At increased temperatures there was an increase in the amplitude of the intermediate lifetime and a decrease in that of the longer lifetime. For all the melittin systems, at least three correlation times were required to fit the anisotropy data. Of the three correlation times, the shortest correlation time represents the local motions of the probe, while the longest represents global motions of the whole molecule. The intermediate correlation time probably represents the dynamics of domains/helices within the molecule. The melittin monomer is highly flexible, with greater than 90% of its anisotropy being lost by the local motions. Even though it is well organized (greater than 75% helical), the tetramer is still a highly flexible molecule, with 70% of its anisotropy being lost by the local motions. The internal motions of melittin decrease upon binding to lipids and are sensitive to the phase state of the lipid complexes.